3D/4D Printing Hydrogel Composites: A Pathway to Functional Devices

Bakarich, Shannon; Gorkin, Robert; Naficy, Sina; Gately, Reece D.; Panhuis, Marc in het; Spinks, Geoffrey M.

doi:10.1557/adv.2015.9

Cited by 34 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Expansion and contraction shape-changing behaviors are based on a shape-memory cycle, which includes the usual programming and recovery steps for thermo-responsive SMPs. Bakarich et al [3] demonstrated expansion and contraction behaviors of linear free swelling and shrinking of a thermo-responsive hydrogel being immersed in cold and hot water (Fig. 17).…”

Section: Expansion and Contractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surface topography is the representation of local deviations of a surface from a flat plane. These features usually occur under compressive loading conditions [52] Expansion/contraction Bakarich et al [3] Raviv et al [42] Yu et al [56] "This mechanism is driven by a variety of expansion ratios between active and rigid materials, which consist of scalable, hydrophobic active materials and rigid materials [3] Waving Wu et al [54] Wave shape deformation could occur in bilayers with comparable stiffness and layer thickness through swelling/shrinkage mismatch in response to activation stimuli [6] Curling Tibbits et al [52] Curling deformation is enabled by a stress mismatch between rigid and active materials from their different swelling properties [52] several features altogether known as a "wave" which is a complex shape. This behavior was achieved using a change in the water temperature as the stimuli.…”

Section: Bendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A taxonomy of shape-changing behavior for 4D printed parts using shape-memory polymers

Nam

Pei

2019

Prog Addit Manuf

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4D printing (4DP) combines the use of additive manufacturing (AM) to produce freeform components with stimuli-responsive materials, so that the printed parts can transform over a calculated duration of time. This paper provides a collective review of the transformational behavior of 4D printed parts that can be achieved using shape-memory polymers (SMPs). Using the process of 4DP, flat-packed structures can be printed and activated by external stimuli to transform into fully deployed functional structures. The paper provides designers and engineers with an understanding of the possibilities of shape-changing behaviors that can be realized using 4DP, where examples of existing work are referenced. From this knowledge, designers and engineers are able to implement suitable design strategies using computer-aided-design (CAD) to better control the shape-change behavior. We summarize our findings using a taxonomy of shape-changing behaviors that can be categorized according to basic, complex, and combined behaviors.

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Section: Expansion and Contractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A taxonomy of shape-changing behavior for 4D printed parts using shape-memory polymers

Nam

Pei

2019

Prog Addit Manuf

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“…Hydrogels are the most widely used solvent-responsive Materials 2021, 14, 1383 2 of 18 SMP and swell in response to a water stimulus [18]. Both types of SMPs have been used in various 4D printing studies as a form of composite [19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irreversible and Repeatable Shape Transformation of Additively Manufactured Annular Composite Structures

et al. 2021

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Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a unique application of additive manufacturing (AM) which enables additional shape transformations over time. Although 4D printing is an interesting and attractive phenomenon, it still faces several challenges before it can be used for practical applications: (i) the manufacturing cost should be competitive, and (ii) the shape transformations must have high dimensional accuracy and repeatability. In this study, an irreversible and repeatable thermoresponsive shape transformation method was developed using a material extrusion type AM process and a plain thermoplastic polymer (ABS) without a shape-memory function. Various types of annular discs were additively manufactured using printing paths programmed along a circular direction, and additional heat treatment was conducted as a thermal stimulus. The programmed circumferential anisotropy led to a unique 2D-to-3D shape transformation in response to the thermal stimulus. To obtain more predictable and repeatable shape transformation, the thermal stimulus was applied while using a geometric constraint. The relevant dimensional accuracy and repeatability of the constrained and unconstrained thermal deformations were compared. The proposed shape transformation method was further applied to AM and to the in situ assembly of a composite frame–membrane structure, where a functional membrane was integrated into a curved 3D frame without any additional assembly procedure.

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“…Due to the chemical or physical cross-linked three-dimensional network and large amounts of water, hydrogels have been widely used in medical science, tissue engineering, soft robots, and soft actuators [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. In order to ensure the application of functions of hydrogels and reduce the manufacturing cost, many studies have been focused on fabricating repairable hydrogels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Fabrication of Bilayer Hydrogel System with Self-Healing and Detachment Properties Achieved by Near-Infrared Irradiation

et al. 2017

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Abstract:A novel kind of graphene oxide (GO)-containing bilayer hydrogel system with excellent self-healing and detachment properties stimulated by near-infrared irradiation is successively fabricated via a two-step in situ free radical polymerization. In addition to high mechanical strength, as components of a bilayer hydrogel system, a poly N,N-dimethylacrylamide (PDMAA) layer with 3 mg/mL GO and a poly N-isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAm) layer with 3 mg/mL GO exhibits firm interface bonding. GO in a PDMAA layer transforms under a near-infrared laser into heat, which promotes mutual diffusion of hydrogen bonds and realizes a self-healing property. The irradiation of near infrared laser results in the temperature of PNIPAm layer being higher than the volume phase transition temperature, reducing the corresponding biological viscidity and achieving detachment property. The increase of GO content enhances the self-healing degree and detachment rate. The bilayer hydrogel system fabricated via mold design combines characteristics of PDMAA layer and PNIPAm layer, which can be treated as materials for medical dressings, soft actuators, and robots.

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3D/4D Printing Hydrogel Composites: A Pathway to Functional Devices

Cited by 34 publications

References 6 publications

A taxonomy of shape-changing behavior for 4D printed parts using shape-memory polymers

A taxonomy of shape-changing behavior for 4D printed parts using shape-memory polymers

Irreversible and Repeatable Shape Transformation of Additively Manufactured Annular Composite Structures

Design and Fabrication of Bilayer Hydrogel System with Self-Healing and Detachment Properties Achieved by Near-Infrared Irradiation

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