3D bioprinted GelMA/GO composite induces osteoblastic differentiation

Abstract

Graft substitute is a mature treatment tool in craniofacial bone repair. However, stress shielding and immutability of structure limit its use in patients with congenital defects. Therefore, a regenerative graft would be best suited for repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be feasible in regenerative medicine and the clinical treatment of bone repair. The aim of this study was to propose a strategy that would directly blend graphene oxide (GO) and MSCs with gelatin methacrylate anhydride (GelMA), as bioink, to generate the scaffold for bone regenerative repair. The survival and osteogenic capacity of MSCs in the composite bioink were assessed by cell viability and proliferation assays, along with expression analysis of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins, and targeted immunofluorescence. The introduction of GO to the printing process had no influence on cell printing, viability, or printability of GelMa. However, the GO-involved structure exhibited a positive influence on MSC proliferation, without significantly affecting cell viability. Alkaline phosphatase was expressed more in cells cultured with GO than in those with pure GelMA. In addition, GO promoted the expression of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins, such as osteopontin, osteocalcin, and RUNX2. Collectively, the composite bioink enhanced cell proliferation and adhesion, as well as osteogenic differentiation properties, compared with pure GelMA.

The impact of electrical stimulation protocols on neuronal cell survival and proliferation using cell-laden GelMA/graphene oxide hydrogels

“…graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and CNT) are examples of hydrogel and electroactive materials used to develop EAHs, and they have been extensively applied in tissue engineering. [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] In these publications, different cells, such as cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), were seeded or laden into the GelMA/GO hydrogels, and the data demonstrated good cell viability, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Moreover, the mechanical properties of such hydrogels usually present a compressive modulus range of 35 to 3 kPa, which is suitable for neural tissue engineering as this range matches the target tissue.…”

3D Bioprinted Hydroxyapatite or Graphene Oxide Containing Nanocellulose‐Based Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

“…Low ALP levels on NC–Alg–GO ink may suggest the completion of the early calcification period and the beginning of the late maturation process of cells. [ 67 ] Furthermore, it is also known the ability of GO to adhere to diverse molecules including enzymes. Consequently, an exhaustive study on differentiation such as gene expression quantification was to perform.…”

“…In fact, in other research works, ALP activity increased when GO was added into the bioink. [18,67] ALP upregulates early bone formation by promoting its mineralization. Low ALP levels on NC-Alg-GO ink may suggest the completion of the early calcification period and the beginning of the late maturation process of cells.…”

“…[18,51,65] Likewise, other studies have demonstrated that GO promoted ALP gene expression which is in accordance with the results of this study. [18,67] Therefore, it can be suggested that the quantification of ALP enzymatic activity in GO scaffolds may have been lower than it had to be. The enzyme underquantification may be due to the capacity of GO to adhere to various molecules.…”

Novel In Situ-Cross-Linked Electrospun Gelatin/Hydroxyapatite Nonwoven Scaffolds Prove Suitable for Periodontal Tissue Engineering

“…Osteopontin was expressed mainly under the coculture conditions and to some extent in the PDLFs and hMSCs. Osteopontin expression in hMSCs and PDLFs may be interpreted as a first step in osteoblastic differentiation of the cells [140][141][142][143]. The comparatively high expression of osteopontin in the cocultures was, however, especially interesting.…”