3D Bioprinting of Lignocellulosic Biomaterials

Abstract

The interest in bioprinting of sustainable biomaterials is rapidly growing, and lignocellulosic biomaterials have a unique role in this development. Lignocellulosic materials are biocompatible and possess tunable mechanical properties, and therefore promising for use in the field of 3D‐printed biomaterials. This review aims to spotlight the recent progress on the application of different lignocellulosic materials (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) from various sources (wood, bacteria, and fungi) in different forms (including nanocrystals and nanofibers in 3D bioprinting). Their crystallinity, leading to water insolubility and the presence of suspended nanostructures, makes these polymers stand out among hydrogel‐forming biomaterials. These unique structures give rise to favorable properties such as high ink viscosity and strength and toughness of the final hydrogel, even when used at low concentrations. In this review, the application of lignocellulosic polymers with other components in inks is reported for 3D bioprinting and identified supercritical CO2 as a potential sterilization method for 3D‐printed cellulosic materials. This review also focuses on the areas of potential development by highlighting the opportunities and unmet challenges such as the need for standardization of the production, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of the cellulosic materials that underscore the direction of future research into the 3D biofabrication of cellulose‐based biomaterials.

Protein-Based 3D Biofabrication of Biomaterials

“…These natural proteins in comparison to synthetic proteins and peptides, have lower immunogenicity, a higher degradability, and enhanced biocompatibility [ 1 , 2 ]. These properties of proteins highlight their possible use as a biomaterial in 3D printing, which may be indicative of the potential benefits of its utilization in the formation of hierarchical tissue constructs [ 3 , 4 ]. The inclusion of proteins in the formulation of biomaterial ink may enhance its tunable mechanical properties, making it comparable to the host tissue and matching its degradation rate with the tissue regeneration [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Fruit pomace-lignin as a sustainable biopolymer for biomedical applications

“…For instance, zip-lignin is bio-engineered lignincontaining ester bonds in its structure (Wilkerson et al, 2014). Ester bonds enhance lignin mechanical properties and thus extend possible applications in 3D printing (Han et al, 2021;Shavandi et al, 2020).…”

A Review on Cellulose-based Materials for Biomedicine

“…They were reported for antibacterial agents [35][36][37][38][39][40], wound dressing [41][42][43][44][45][46][47], drug delivery [18,[48][49][50][51], tissue engineering [24,33,52], artificial blood vessels [53,54], and for the protection from UV radiation [55,56]. Cellulose can proceed into different forms such as hydrogels [57,58], aerogels [59], membrane [60], and three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds [61,62]. They exhibit several properties, making them interested in biomedical applications.…”