3D Carbon Networks: Design and Applications in Sodium Ion Batteries

Abstract

As the key component of a new generation for low‐cost energy storage systems, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted enormous attention and research due to its promising potentiality in large‐scale electrochemical energy storage. For practical application of SIBs, carbonaceous materials have been considered to be one of the best choices for electrodes in virtue of their abundant reserves, low cost, easy availability, and environmental friendliness. 3D carbon network (3D‐carbon) is of particular interests, which has displayed outstanding features, including abundant active sites, interconnected multi‐level pore structures, high electronic conductivity, and excellent mechanical stability. Herein, we review the structural advantages of 3D‐carbon and its preparation methods, and then discuss recent progress in 3D carbon materials and their composites for SIBs. The superior functionalities of 3D‐carbon are emphasized as support templates or encapsulation shell membranes. Finally, we summarize and outline the challenges and future prospects of 3D‐carbon in SIBs.

Nanocarbon in Sodium‐ion Batteries – A Review. Part 1: Zero‐dimensional Carbon Dots

“…The different structural characteristics of electrodes lead to diverse advantages in SIBs especially with low-dimensional nanostructures (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) [29]. 0D, 1D, and 2D are favorable for accelerating the transport of electrons or Na + ions whereas 3D hierarchical structures integrate the advantages of both low-dimensional nanostructures and microscale materials, resulting in enhanced structural stability and inhibition of agglomeration [26].…”

The Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Batteries Based on Conversion Reactions: a Review

“…The above two batteries share great similarities, but the larger size and higher redox potential of Na + lead to unavoidable disadvantages, commonly used for graphite anode of LiBs does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent [5,6] . However, the shortage of lithium resources and the plentiful of sodium resources have led to the consideration of SiBs as a substitute for LiBs, so identifying a suitable anode material is required for SiBs [7–11] …”

“…[5,6] However, the shortage of lithium resources and the plentiful of sodium resources have led to the consideration of SiBs as a substitute for LiBs, so identifying a suitable anode material is required for SiBs. [7][8][9][10][11] Depending on the lithium/sodium storage mechanism, there are intercalation-type anode materials or alloying-type anode materials in addition to conversion-type anode materials. The mechanism of intercalation-type anode materials is mainly the reversible intercalation and extraction of Li + /Na + in the lattice of materials with a layered structure, but it is influenced by the crystal and cation size.…”

In Situ Fabrication of Porous CoxP Hierarchical Nanostructures on Carbon Fiber Cloth with Exceptional Performance for Sodium Storage

“…Nowadays, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered to be a very promising candidate for the next generation large‐scale electrochemical energy storage devices by virtue of the abundance of sodium resources and attractive cost‐effectiveness compared with the mature lithium‐ion batteries. [ 1 ] However, the sluggish diffusion kinetics and larger radius of sodium ions tend to cause structure collapse of electrode materials during charge/discharge. [ 2 ] Design and development on high‐performance anode materials is hence highly desirable to promote the practical application of SIBs.…”

“…The construction of “all in one” 3D hierarchical electrode can effectively solve these aforementioned issues via in situ growth of electroactive materials on flexible carbon substrates. [ 1c,8 ] This strategy could help eliminate the utilization of insulated adhesives and provide a good 3D conductive network for transport of electrons, and more importantly avoid the attenuation of electrochemical performance due to the failure of adhesive. [ 9 ] Moreover, well‐tailored hierarchical nanostructures including nanosheets, nanoneedles, nanofibers, and nanotubes would be more favorable for integral structural stability during the electrochemical process.…”