3D Chemical Cross‐Linking Structure of Black Phosphorus@CNTs Hybrid as a Promising Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

The existence of rechargeable lithium ion batteries with high operating voltage, high energy density, and excellent cycling performance are drawing increasing attention due to their viability to be used as portable power and in electrical applications. However, there is a considerable problem that the conductivity of the active material becomes poor due to the volume expansion under the condition of repeated circulation, which reduces the performance of the device, thus hindering its practical application. As an emerging 2D material, black phosphorus (BP) has drawn significant attention in the field of Li‐ion battery energy storage due to its large theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g−1 and ability to absorb large amount of Li atoms. Here, a unique 3D conductive structure with the BP and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), displaying good stability and high conductivity for the fabrication of BP@CNTs hybrid‐based Li‐ion batteries is described. With strong trapping, good affinity, structure stable, and high adsorption for polyphosphorus, the developed BP@CNTs hybrid electrodes display high capacity, good electrical conductivity, and a stable cycle life. Additionally, the lithium ion batteries can illuminate the light emitting diode, proving that the materials have great potential for development of energy storage devices.

The development, application, and performance of black phosphorus in energy storage and conversion

“…BP was anchored in the CNT matrix through chemical crosslinking and electrostatic adsorption bond, leading to enhanced transport of electron and ions and mitigated volume change of BP during charge and discharge. 56 Figure 7a compares the anode charge transport process for the bare multilayered BP (left) and designed BP@CNTs hybrid (right). Bare BP layers maintain a long and a slow-track pathway, whereas the cooperated CNTs could provide a short and fast-track path along the conductive tube.…”

“…The obtained BP@CNT composite anode gives impressive reversible capacity (1088 mAh g -1 ), good conductivity (88.9 Ω) and satisfactory cycling stability (757.3 mAh g -1 after 650 cycles), showing great potential for application in energy storage batteries. 56 In order to have a deeper understanding of the binding and diffusion behavior of lithium in BP based anode, Zhang et al carried out the density functional theory calculation (DFT). The adsorption of Li was firstly performed by loading lithium atoms to the surface and then diffusing along armchair or zigzag direction (Figure 7b).…”

“…According to Han's report, cooperating BP with highly conductive carbon nanotube was beneficial for the alleviation of hysteresis from 0.81 to 0.72 V; it could be attributed to the better connection between particles in the process of large volume change. 56 In terms of energy conversion performance, three key parameters are of vital importance for the utilization of BP based catalysts. The first one is chemical stability.…”

Towards high-performance anodes: Design and construction of cobalt-based sulfide materials for sodium-ion batteries

“…In addition, the frequently used polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer binder in the preparation of the electrodes can increase the resistance and obstruct active sites, and thus lead to capacity fading, especially at high current density. To resolve these issues, the most common strategy is encapsulation of the cobaltbased sulfide in highly electrically conductive carbon materials, such as porous carbon [85][86][87], carbon nanofibers [88][89][90], carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [91][92][93][94][95] and graphene [96][97][98]. The formed carbon-containing composites could shorten the Na + diffusion length, prevent the aggregation of nanocrystals, facilitate the surface pseudocapacitive process, and mitigate the volume variation in the Na + intercalation/deintercalation procedure.…”

Phosphorus‐Based Composites as Anode Materials for Advanced Alkali Metal Ion Batteries

“…Carbon materials commonly used in P/C can be classified into 0D C 60 and carbon black (CB), [145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154] 1D carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [153,[155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162] and carbon nanofibers (CNFs), [17,[163][164][165] 2D graphene, [166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179] and 3D porous carbon [180][181][182][183][184][185][186] and graphite. [187,188] The type of carbon material affects properties of P/C in the following ways.…”