3D composite reinforcement meso F.E. analyses based on X-ray computed tomography

Naouar, Naïm; Vidal‐Sallé, Emmanuelle; Schneider, Julien; Maire, Éric; Boisse, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.07.005

Cited by 143 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Recently, computed tomography (CT) has been employed to capture the meso-scale tow geometry of textile composites (Barburski et al, 2015;Naouar et al, 2015;Naouar et al, 2014;Pazmino et al). Models have been developed to represent textile geometry by several researchers (Durville, 2010;Green et al, 2014;Lomov et al, 2001a;Lomov et al, 2001b;Lomov et al, 2007;Mahadik and Hallett, 2010;Miao et al, 2008;Verpoest and Lomov, 2005;Wang and Sun, 2001;Zhou et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital element simulation of aligned tows during compaction validated by computed tomography (CT)

Yousaf

Potluri²,

Withers

et al. 2018

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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Meso-scale geometrical changes during transverse compression of aligned tows have a significant influence on resin permeability during infusion as well as on the mechanical properties of the resulting polymer composites. These geometrical changes need to be captured at each and every stage of composite manufacturing and realistic geometrical models verified by accurate experimental data are needed to simulate the changes during forming to predict the mechanical properties of the composite laminates. In the present work, the aligned fibre tows in a dry plain woven glass fabric are simulated by digital element method. A meso-scale compaction study of the tow geometrical changes has been conducted by 3D X-ray computed tomography (CT) under compression loading. The evolution of mesoscale geometrical features such as tow area, thickness, width and waviness has been quantified using high quality CT images. The realistic tow geometrical data by digital element simulation under different compaction levels has been validated by experimental data obtained by CT.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital element simulation of aligned tows during compaction validated by computed tomography (CT)

Yousaf

Potluri²,

Withers

et al. 2018

International Journal of Solids and Structures

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“…As indicated, the overall thickness of the specimen decreases by 0.64 mm from the lowest fiber volume content of 47.4% to the highest one of 54.4%. These geometric models are different from the ones reconstructed in other studies ( [45][46][47][48] ), because all the fiber tows of the fibrous reinforcement are identified and individually labeled. Thus, the geometric features, orientations, and mechanical properties of fiber tows can be taken into account in the analysis.…”

Section: X-ray Microtomographymentioning

confidence: 82%

Numerical and experimental investigation of saturated transverse permeability of 2D woven glass fabrics based on material twins

Huang

Causse

et al. 2019

Polymer Composites

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The transverse permeability of fibrous reinforcement is one of the critical parameters that govern fabrication efficiency and production quality in several liquid composite molding process variants devised to achieve transverse impregnation of fibrous reinforcements. It is difficult to precisely measure and predict the transverse permeability, because it is simultaneously affected by diverse factors, for example, the geometric features of the test mold, nesting between fabric layers, and flow‐induced compaction of the fiber bed. In this article, the saturated transverse permeability of 2D woven glass fabrics is investigated using information provided by mesostructural geometric models reproducing the real textile architecture. These models are created by micro‐CT aided geometric modeling, a recently proposed technique to analyze three‐dimensional images obtained by X‐ray microtomography. They are called “material twins” because they reproduce with assessed accuracy the geometrical configuration of the textile preform, are representative of material variability, and allow performing numerical simulations of flow or mechanical properties. Computer simulations of steady state transverse flows in material twins were carried out to evaluate the transverse permeability and compared to experiments. Issues concerning material variability due to nesting and the accuracy of transverse permeability measurements were considered and discussed. A good agreement was obtained between numerical and experimental values of transverse permeability. Both approaches show a significant influence of the number of layers considered, which can be explained by nesting between adjacent plies. Numerical simulations also illustrate how nesting significantly affects material variability.

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“…Voxel meshes can be built directly from µ-CT images of the fibrous reinforcement in the composite [53,54,55]. By analyzing the gray scale levels of the µ-CT images and the orientations of the grayscale gradients, each voxel can be assigned to either a matrix pocket or a specific warp or weft yarn.…”

Section: Representative Unit Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-scale modeling of the viscoelastic behavior of 3D woven composites

Hirsekorn

Marcin

Godon

2018

Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing

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A method is presented to predict numerically the homogenized viscoelastic behavior of 3D woven composites using only its constituents' behavior. It is based on elastic homogenizations applied to the Laplace-Carson transform of the time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of the constituents. Two scale chages are necessary: from micro-to meso-scale to obtain the homogenized behavior of the consolidated yarns, and from mesoto macro-scale. The temperature and cure dependent viscoelastic behavior of the matrix is identified from experimental data, using the time-temperature superposition principle with the cure dependent glass transition temperature as reference temperature. The meso-scale representative unit cell of the composite is extracted from X-ray microtomography images. The homogenized viscoelastic behavior is used to calculate the evolution of the apparent moduli of the composite with temperature between −50 • C and 200 • C. The results are in good agreement with experimental data over the temperature range where the matrix behavior was properly identified.While the mechanical behavior of carbon or glass fibers is linear elastic in a good approximation and almost independent of temperature, at least below the glass transition temperature (T g ) of typical thermosetting polymers (usually not exceeding about 200 • C), the mechanical behavior of the polymer matrix depends strongly on temperature and on the degree of cure [14,15,16,17,18,12]. Moreover, it is time dependent, i.e., creep and relaxation phenomena are observed, which may have a significant impact on the residual stresses and the final shape of composite parts [13,19,20,21]. As a consequence, residual stresses can be reduced by adapting the cure cycle such that relaxation phenomena are intensified [13,22].Since in the aeronautical industry highly precise part shapes are required, it is currently common practice to adapt the mold shape several times until the composite part fits the shape tolerances. This procedure of designing a composite part is very expensive, but can be greatly optimized if precise modeling tools are available that predict the generation of residual stresses and the final shape of composites with complex reinforcements, such as three-dimensional (3D) interlock weavings. To improve the accuracy of currently available modeling tools, it is necessary to take into account creep and relaxation and their dependence on temperature and degree of cure during the modeling of the curing and cooling process. The experimental characterization of a composite material required to determine the model parameters is complex and expensive, as 3D strain rate, temperature, and cure dependent mechanical behaviors have to be measured. Furthermore, these properties have to be re-identified, each time the reinforcement architecture is changed. Significant cost reduction is possible if only the constituent materials are fully characterized and the composite properties are predicted using multi-scale models.At small strains, creep, relaxation, and strain rate d...

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3D composite reinforcement meso F.E. analyses based on X-ray computed tomography

Cited by 143 publications

References 52 publications

Digital element simulation of aligned tows during compaction validated by computed tomography (CT)

Digital element simulation of aligned tows during compaction validated by computed tomography (CT)

Numerical and experimental investigation of saturated transverse permeability of 2D woven glass fabrics based on material twins

Multi-scale modeling of the viscoelastic behavior of 3D woven composites

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