“…These technologies, such as 3D photogrammetry and immersive techniques, are applied across various disciplines, including architectural and urban environments, archaeological and cultural heritage sites, building and site monitoring, mapping, and model making (Di Stefano, Chiappini, Gorreja, Balestra, Pierdicca, 2021;Cheng, Ch'ng, 2022). 3D photogrammetry is widely used in digital mapping (Hatzopoulos, Stefanakis, Georgopoulos, Tapinaki, Pantelis, Liritzis, 2017), heritage display (Montusiewicz, Barszcz, Korga, 2022), building ontology preservation (Cheng, Ch'ng, 2022), repair (Shabani, Skamantzari, Tapinaki, Georgopoulos, Plevris, Kioumarsi, 2022, structure precision measurement (Barrile, Bernardo, Bilotta, 2022), archiving (Poloprutský, Frommeltová, Münzberger, Sedlická, 2022), digital basic database construction (Zhang, Zhi, Xu, Han, 2022), industrial reverse engineering (Laroche, 2022), virtual reality (Bevilacqua, Russo, Giordano, Spallone, 2022), and other fields.…”