3D Graphics Applied to Maritime Safety

Gold, Christopher M.; Goralski, Rafal

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-37629-3_22

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Early work discussing the subject in general included Davis and Davis (1998), Li and Saxena (1993), Lockwood and Li (1995), Goulielmos and Tzannatos (1997) and Wright and Goodchild (1997) -as well as various papers in Wright and Bartlett (2000). Full 3D graphics for marine navigation was outlined in Gold et al (2004), Gold and Goralski (2007), Goralski and Gold (2008), Goralski et al (2011), based on the International Hydrographic Organization (1996) chart specification. Full 3D graphics for marine navigation was outlined in Gold et al (2004), Gold and Goralski (2007), Goralski and Gold (2008), Goralski et al (2011), based on the International Hydrographic Organization (1996) chart specification.…”

Section: Further Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Points

2016

International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Book Series

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We have seen how dominance, the assignment of spatial locations to the closest generator, leads to a fundamental spatial partition -the Voronoi diagram. In some cases only the generator location is known, and in others some attributes, such as colour, may be assigned.In forest mapping, the Voronoi diagram clearly gives a good estimate of the context of an individual tree in a forest: its constraining neighbours are found directly if tree crowns may be detected from aerial imagery. The locations of the tree crowns may then be used as generators, and the area of each associated Voronoi cell gives a reasonable first estimate of the tree's spread, in competition with its neighbours, and tables may be constructed to compare this with the tree height and wood volume. (This applies where the trees are in close competition, and does not apply at the edge of the forest stand.) Summing these volume estimates for a particular area may be used to estimate harvestable timber. In some cases the tree type may also be estimated, and the resulting volume totals used for harvest planning.The same approach may be used for other types of natural resource assessments. Coal thickness for example, or permeable aquifer thickness, is often assessed by shallow drilling -and the total thickness observed at each location. (This may often involve several thin strata, and often only the total thickness is needed -this is difficult by modelling the geological 'tops' of each stratum. Experience suggests that stable regional estimates may be made by assuming the local thickness at any location is best estimated by the closest real observation -the Voronoi cell generator. Summing the thickness times the cell area often gives satisfactory results for minimum effort. The same holds true for total rainfall estimation based on rain gauges -as originally suggested by Mr. Thiessen.A related, and common, problem is that of point density mapping. This is usually attempted by counting circles -counting how many points fall within a given circle, and then moving it and trying again: a very small circle, or a very large one, would give implausible results. Noting that point density (points per unit area) is the reciprocal of the Voronoi cell area (area per unit point) greatly simplifies this process. In this case the local density around each generator is 1/(cell area). Mapping this directly will often give a highly variable density surface, and some traditional smoothing function is often appropriate. Nevertheless, the whole problem of using counting circles has been eliminated.A significant application of this approach may be found in the work of van de Weijgaert described earlier. A major catalogue of a significant portion of the cosmos was performed by the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey, completed in 2002, extending over a huge number of galaxies, and light-years, in 3D ( Figure 78). In order to speculate on the cosmic structure they needed to produce a density map rather than just galaxies/points, and so they developed the 'Delaunay Tessellation Field Esti...

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Section: Further Readingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Points

2016

International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS) Book Series

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“…Since Ford [2] proposed the first three-dimensional (3D) nautical chart in 1994, the pursuit of three-dimensional maritime sciences and navigation safety has never stopped. For example, Gold et al [3] developed a 3D system prototype, "Pilot Book", for port-wide applications to help ships entering the port of Hong Kong and continued researching and developing the system [4]. Similar studies were done by Ternes et al [5] to develop a 3D chart representation system for hydrographic surveying based on the user survey results, and by Liu et al [6,7], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

RedNavi: Building a 3D Scene of the Current Sea from AIS Data

Liu

Wakabayashi

2022

Sustainability

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The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a kind of navigation equipment that exchanges a wealth of essential information among vessels and between ships to shore through Very High Frequency. Currently, identification and other navigational information can be obtained in real time with AIS data integrated into other shipborne systems, such as the Electronic Chart Display and Information System and radar. However, at present, AIS information is represented in a two-dimensional (2D) way, which is not the same as the three-dimensional (3D) world people perceive visually. In this paper, we introduce RedNavi, a sustainable computer 3D scene building system that visualizes the current sea, specifically the environment and traffic conditions around the ownship, using received AIS data. RedNavi has a wide range of application scenarios. Applying to the maritime education and training field, it can serve as a bridge between the 2D and 3D worlds, helping less experienced trainees build up their capabilities. Applying to actual navigation, it can provide the deck officer with another visual aid to their lookout in addition to existing 2D information systems. In addition, given the microservices architecture RedNavi adopts, the development, deployment, and maintenance processes become relatively lighter, faster, and easier, and therefore more sustainable than traditional monolithic systems.

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