“…LIBS has been used to qualitatively and quantitatively measure solids, liquids, and gases based on atomic, ionic, and molecular spectral characteristics [28,29,30,31]. LIBS has also been used for fast mapping and imaging elemental distributions on solid surfaces [27,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39]. Compared with other imaging and mapping methods, LIBS is advantageous due to its simple structure, flexibility in use, and low cost, and it can be used in-field, is removable, and can even be used as a handheld device [28,40].…”