3D inkjet printing of biomaterials: Principles and applications

Abstract

Administration; World Health Organization). Devices like dental drills, bowstrings are some of the most ancient footprints of medical advancements even in the primitive human civilization as early as 7000 BC. Designing a medical device with ethical adherence to the regulatory bodies of a particular jurisdiction (not before 1938), followed by conventional manufacturing using FDA/ASTM approved biomaterials were the major practices to meet the demand of global healthcare market till the onset of the 1990 (Food & Drug Administration; Ricles et al., 2018; World Health Organization, 2003). Although its invention in the 1980 s as "stereolithography," additive manufacturing (AM) incepted in the medical sector almost a decade later, to revolutionize the manufacturing landscape (Ventola, 2014). Together with the core concept of digitized fabrication in additive manufacturing/3D printing, the capability of precise regeneration of biologically complex devices/prosthesis attracted the attention of the biomedical community (Barui et al.,

3D Printed Biohybrid Microsystems

“…The selection of activation conditions makes it possible to print biomaterials without the risk of causing damage to living cells. [ 74 ] Thus, the inkjet printing method makes it possible to form both artificial and biological components of biohybrid systems. Composite inks based on cellular material and plasmonic or luminescent nanoparticles used in sensors or influencing a biosystem opens up additional possibilities here.…”

Osteochondral regenerative engineering: challenges, state-of-the-art and translational perspectives

“…Apart from the less densely packed trabecula, these areas contain plenty of blood vessels and unmyelinated nerve fiber terminals. Mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, compression/tensile/flexural strengths) directly rely on the porosity content in the microstructure [ 80–84 ]. It is recommended to conceive the ‘processing–structure–property’ (P–S–P) linkage of a novel architecture to endorse its efficacy in real-life osteochondral defect regeneration [ 85 , 86 ].…”

4D Printing: The Development of Responsive Materials Using 3D-Printing Technology

“…There are different types of additive manufacturing (AM) that may be used to produce responsive materials [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Such processes include: powder bed fusion (regions of powder (commonly metal) are selectively melted using a laser, another layer of powder is deposited, and this process is performed repeatedly) [ 4 , 5 ]; binder jetting (liquid binder is deposited/jetted over a region of powder, additional powder is deposited, and this is repeated) [ 6 ]; directed energy deposition (laser melting of metals extruded from nozzles) [ 7 ]; material extrusion (molten thermoplastics are extruded from a nozzle) [ 8 ]; material jetting (regions of layers of liquid resin are cured (often with light), another layer of liquid resin is deposited, and this is repeated) [ 9 ]; stereolithography (regions of layers of liquid resin deposited on a print bed are UV-cured, the print bed is lowered, another layer of liquid resin is deposited, and this is repeated) [ 10 ]; sheet lamination (sheets of materials are cut to shape, another sheet deposited and made to adhere and then cut to shape, and this is repeated) [ 11 ]; electrospinning to deposit fibers onto a substrate to create a desired pattern (offering high print resolution and control over fiber orientation) [ 12 , 13 ], extrusion bioprinting (bioink composed of a mixture of cells and other materials are extruded from a nozzle followed by crosslinking or curing); inkjet bioprinting (droplets of bioink composed of a mixture of cells and other materials are jetted onto a print bed) [ 14 , 15 ]; laser-assisted bioprinting (laser pulses are used to generate droplets of bioink composed of a mixture of cells and other materials dropped onto a surface); multiphoton fabrication (an ultrafast laser is used to print structures inside other structures, including living organisms) [ 16 ]. The choice of which technique will be employed depends on the choice of materials used and the structure to be printed.…”