In many cases, tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA) acts as a salvage procedure and alternative to amputation in nonbraceable neuropathic deformities, failed ankle arthrodesis, failed total ankle arthroplasty, talar osteonecrosis, and severe ankle and subtalar arthritis [1,2]. The goal of this procedure is to fuse the ankle and subtalar joints simultaneously leading to pain relief, stability, and a functional limb [3]. The purpose of this review is to examine the mechanobiological foundations of TTCA and the technological evolution of intramedullary (IM) nails used to provide fixation in TTCA procedures.
Discussion
Mechanobiological backgroundMechanobiology is the study of how mechanical or physical stimuli regulate biological processes [4]. Julius Wolff was among the first to recognize the influence of mechanical forces on bone morphology and architecture, and in 1866 observed that trabecular trajectories within the proximal femur roughly align with directions of maximum stresses [5,6]. Wolff's Law states that mechanical inputs, creating functional and morphological changes in a bone, are followed by alterations of the bone's architecture and mechanical strength. Animal and cell culture models and their associated techniques (histology, radiography, mechanical testing, etc.) have been used to study the effects of mechanical inputs on biological responses, including bone repair, at multiple biological scales.Mechanobiological principles are relevant to TTCA with IM nails, because knowledge of micromovements and mechanical stresses, and how they stimulate bone cells leading to tissue adaptation, can be incorporated into development of new nail designs, leading to improved joint fixation and superior local healing conditions [7,8].