3D organotypic cell structures for drug development and Microorganism-Host interaction research

Abstract

Introduction: The article describes a new method of tissue engineering, which is based on the use of three-dimensional multicellular constructs consisting of stem cells that mimic the native tissue in vivo – organoids. 3D cell cultures: The currently existing model systems of three-dimensional cultures are described. Characteristics of organoids and strategies for their culturing: The main approaches to the fabrication of 3D cell constructs using pluripotent (embryonic and induced) stem cells or adult stem cells are described. Brain organoids (Cerebral organoids): Organoids of the brain, which are used to study the development of the human brain, are characterized, with the description of biology of generating region-specific cerebral organoids. Lung organoids: Approaches to the generation of lung organoids are described, by means of pluripotent stem cells and lung tissue cell lines. Liver organoids: The features of differentiation of stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells and the creation of 3D hepatic organoids are characterized. Intestinal organoids: The formation of small intestine organoids from stem cells is described. Osteochondral organoids: Fabrication of osteochondral organoids is characterised. Use of organoids as test systems for drugs screening: The information on drug screening using organoids is provided. Using organoids to model infectious diseases and study adaptive responses of microorganisms when interacting with the host: The use of organoids for modeling infectious diseases and studying the adaptive responses of microorganisms when interacting with the host organism is described. Conclusion: The creation of three-dimensional cell structures that reproduce the structural and functional characteristics of tissue in vivo, makes it possible to study the biology of the body’s development, the features of intercellular interactions, screening drugs and co-cultivating with viruses, bacteria and parasites.

Conditioned Medium of Induced Mesenchymal Stem Cells as an Activator of Differentiation in The Osteogenic Direction

“…The total duration of the analysis was 90 min. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed on a Q-Exactive HFX mass spectrometer in the positive ionization mode using an NESI source (Thermo Scientific, USA) 9,10 . For mass spectrometric analysis, the following settings were set: emitter voltage 2.1 kV, capillary temperature 240 ° C. Panoramic scanning was performed in the mass range from 300 m / z to 1500 m / z, at a resolution of 120,000.…”

“…During the annotation, a functional analysis algorithm was used to identify statistically significant representation of certain groups of proteins among all genes / proteins in the sample under study. The statistical significance was assessed using the probability p-value, as well as the Adjusted P-value, which was calculated taking into account the multiplicity of comparison [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . The groups for which the Adjusted P-value was less than 0.001 were considered significant protein groups in the classifications.…”

“…They secrete a complex of bioactive substances -a secret: cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, lipid mediators, growth factors, hormones, vesicles. Mesenchymal stem cells are relatively easily isolated and cultured in a laboratory, where they are used to obtain cell products and as experimental models [6][7][8][9] . Recently, evidence has accumulated supporting the effectiveness of the MSC-conditioned medium (CM) in studies aimed at assessing therapeutic potential 10, 11 .…”