3D-printable CFR polymer composites with dual-cure sequential IPNs

Griffini, Gianmarco; Invernizzi, Marta; Levi, Marinella; Natale, Gabriele; Postiglione, G.; Turri, Stefano

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2016.03.048

Cited by 127 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Moreover, to obtain high quality printed objects with complex shapes, the three-dimensional printing apparatus presented by Griffini et al (2016) was modified, as shown in Figures 3a and 3b. The apparatus previously presented by Griffini and coworkers was composed of two UV LEDs.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remanufacturing of end-of-life glass-fiber reinforced composites via UV-assisted 3D printing

Mantelli

Levi

Turri

et al. 2019

RPJ

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the potential of three-dimensional printing technology for the remanufacturing of end-of-life (EoL) composites. This technology will enable the rapid fabrication of environmentally sustainable structures with complex shapes and good mechanical properties. These three-dimensional printed objects will have several application fields, such as street furniture and urban renewal, thus promoting a circular economy model. Design/methodology/approach For this purpose, a low-cost liquid deposition modeling technology was used to extrude photo-curable and thermally curable composite inks, composed of an acrylate-based resin loaded with different amounts of mechanically recycled glass fiber reinforced composites (GFRCs). Rheological properties of the extruded inks and their printability window and the conversion of cured composites after an ultraviolet light (UV) assisted extrusion were investigated. In addition, tensile properties of composites remanufactured by this UV-assisted technology were studied. Findings A printability window was found for the three-dimensional printable GFRCs inks. The formulation of the composite printable inks was optimized to obtain high quality printed objects with a high content of recycled GFRCs. Tensile tests also showed promising mechanical properties for printed GFRCs obtained with this approach. Originality/value The novelty of this paper consists in the remanufacturing of GFRCs by the three-dimensional printing technology to promote the implementation of a circular economy. This study shows the feasibility of this approach, using mechanically recycled EoL GFRCs, composed of a thermoset polymer matrix, which cannot be melted as in case of thermoplastic-based composites. Objects with complex shapes were three-dimensional printed and presented here as a proof-of-concept.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remanufacturing of end-of-life glass-fiber reinforced composites via UV-assisted 3D printing

Mantelli

Levi

Turri

et al. 2019

RPJ

Self Cite

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“…The acrylate monomers were cured by photoinduced free radical polymerization, and the epoxy resin was thermally cured via organic‐base catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization . As these two kinds of components were polymerized through different mechanisms individually, the two cross‐linked networks were locked together noncovalently to form a so‐called IPN …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After the thermal curing (second‐stage cure), the epoxide groups ( v COC = 913 cm −1 ) disappeared and hydroxyl groups ( v OH = 3445 cm −1 ) were generated due to the ring opening reaction in the epoxy oligomer. These results verified the formation of IPN by two different curing mechanisms …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic Photomask‐Assisted Direct Ink Writing Multimaterial for Multilevel Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Chen

Zhang

Xiao

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) devices are extensively studied as a mechanical energy harvester and self-powered sensor for wearable electronics and physiological monitoring. However, the conventional TENG fabrication involving assembling steps and using the single property of matrix material suffers from simple devices shape and a single level of mechanical response for sensing and energy harvesting. Here, the printed multimaterial matrix for multilevel mechanical-responsive TENG with on-demand reconfiguration of shape is reported. A multimaterial 3D printing approach by using dynamic photomask-assisted direct ink writing printing together with a two-stage curing hybrid ink is first developed. Multimaterial structures with location-specific properties, such as tensile modulus, failure stress, and glass transition temperature for controlled deformation, crack propagation path, and sequential shape memory, are directly printed. The printed multimaterial structure with sequential deformation behavior is used to fabricate a multilevel-TENG (mTENG) device for multiple level mechanical energy harvesters and sensors. It is demonstrated that the mTENG can be embedded in shoe insoles to achieve both comfortable wearing and motion state monitoring. This work provides a new approach to combine multimaterial 3D printing with TENG devices for functional wearable electronics as energy harvester and sensors.

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“…For example, polymers with graded mechanical properties have been used to improve the life of artificial biomedical knee joints , and alloys with graded thermal properties have been used to improve the thermal barrier of the combustion chamber of engines . As a result, building 3D printers that can print graded properties has recently attracted attention . Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) is one material system that can be used to make FGMs and can be used to 3D print FGMs .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, building 3D printers that can print graded properties has recently attracted attention . Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) is one material system that can be used to make FGMs and can be used to 3D print FGMs . This article proposes a method to control properties of sequentially constructed IPNs in a manner that may have potential to printing FGMs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling properties of acrylate/epoxy interpenetrating polymer networks by premature termination of radical polymerization of acrylate

Delpouve

Araujo

et al. 2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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An approach is presented to control properties of sequentially synthesized acrylate/epoxy interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) and is used to print uniform and graded properties. These IPNs are constructed by partial formation of the acrylate network, removal of the excess components, expansion with the epoxy system, and curing. The partial crosslinking of the initial network is controlled by photo polymerization and used to manipulate the final properties. The process is used to print homogeneous and graded IPNs with properties in the range of 10 to 1000 MPa. The curing of acrylate, the control mechanism, is studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) during curing on a temperature and environment controlled attenuated total reflection system. Fast scanning calorimetry is used to study network formation, nanoindentation is used to characterize local change of modulus, and uniaxial tensile testing is used to characterize stress response of the printed systems. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1729–1738 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

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3D-printable CFR polymer composites with dual-cure sequential IPNs

Cited by 127 publications

References 24 publications

Remanufacturing of end-of-life glass-fiber reinforced composites via UV-assisted 3D printing

Remanufacturing of end-of-life glass-fiber reinforced composites via UV-assisted 3D printing

Dynamic Photomask‐Assisted Direct Ink Writing Multimaterial for Multilevel Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Controlling properties of acrylate/epoxy interpenetrating polymer networks by premature termination of radical polymerization of acrylate

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