3D Printable Composite Biomaterials Based on GelMA and Hydroxyapatite Powders Doped with Cerium Ions for Bone Tissue Regeneration

Abstract

The main objective was to produce 3D printable hydrogels based on GelMA and hydroxyapatite doped with cerium ions with potential application in bone regeneration. The first part of the study regards the substitution of Ca2+ ions from hydroxyapatite structure with cerium ions (Ca10-xCex(PO4)6(OH)2, xCe = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5). The second part followed the selection of the optimal concentration of HAp doped, which will ensure GelMA-based scaffolds with good biocompatibility, viability and cell proliferation. The third part aimed to select the optimal concentrations of GelMA for the 3D printing process (20%, 30% and 35%). In vitro biological assessment presented the highest level of cell viability and proliferation potency of GelMA-HC5 composites, along with a low cytotoxic potential, highlighting the beneficial effects of cerium on cell growth, also supported by Live/Dead results. According to the 3D printing experiments, the 30% GelMA enriched with HC5 was able to generate 3D scaffolds with high structural integrity and homogeneity, showing the highest suitability for the 3D printing process. The osteogenic differentiation experiments confirmed the ability of 30% GelMA-3% HC5 scaffold to support and efficiently maintain the osteogenesis process. Based on the results, 30% GelMA-3% HC5 3D printed scaffolds could be considered as biomaterials with suitable characteristics for application in bone tissue engineering.

Bioengineering for vascularization: Trends and directions of photocrosslinkable gelatin methacrylate hydrogels

“…We also emphasize the key factors that govern the functional vascularization of GelMA-based vascular constructs after transplantation in vivo . Potential topics that we briefly mentioned but are worth further investigation are the development of visible light-based photocrosslinking systems ( Noshadi et al, 2017 ; Sharifi et al, 2021 ) and the advances in the GelMA-based composite materials ( Kurian et al, 2021 ; Alexa et al, 2022 ; Liang et al, 2022 ). In addition, research efforts will continue on the multiplex functionalities of GelMA-based biomaterials.…”

Lanthanides-Substituted Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

“…Nevertheless, broader and less intense peaks can be detected with higher concentrations when techniques such as sol-gel and the microwave irradiation method are used. These changes express a decrease in crystallinity and smaller crystallites [ 25 , 26 , 30 , 31 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. In the case of Ce(IV)-HAp, Paduraru et al observed similar changes through the variation of the ion concentration from 0 to 10% [ 27 ].…”

“…After 14 days of osteogenesis induction, there was a significant increase in the expression of OSX. After 28 days, higher OPN expression was registered [ 45 ].…”

The optimal strategy for 3D‐printed uncemented endoprosthesis for the bone defect reconstruction of the distal radius, based on biomechanical analysis and retrospective cohort study

“…It has been reported that nHA has a chemical composition similar to that of natural bone tissue, which can promote osteoblasts adhesion and has good biocompatibility and osteogenic induction activity. nHA implantation can facilitate new bone formation through the chemical bonding between its surface charge and the host bone, 37,38 which therefore allows the preservation of the host bone stock and promotes the integration of the prosthesis with the bone, thereby reducing long-term prosthesis loosening rate. 39 In the presented study, the interfaces between the bone and stem were all wellosseointegrated, as evaluated by T-SMART, and all implanted endoprostheses survived without aseptic loosening.…”