3D-printed bioactive scaffolds from nanosilicates and PEOT/PBT for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) has shown promise in designing 3D scaffold for regenerative medicine. However, many synthetic biomaterials used for AM are bioinert. Here, we report synthesis of bioactive nanocomposites from a poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate) (PEOT)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) (PEOT/PBT) copolymer and 2D nanosilicates for fabricating 3D scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. PEOT/PBT have been shown to support calcification and bone bonding ability in vivo, while 2D nanosilicates induce osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in absence of osteoinductive agents. The effect of nanosilicates addition to PEOT/PBT on structural, mechanical and biological properties is investigated. Specifically, the addition of nanosilicate to PEOT/PBT improves the stability of nanocomposites in physiological conditions, as nanosilicate suppressed the degradation rate of copolymer. However, no significant increase in the mechanical stiffness of scaffold due to the addition of nanosilicates is observed. The addition of nanosilicates to PEOT/PBT improves the bioactive properties of AM nanocomposites as demonstrated in vitro. hMSCs readily proliferated on the scaffolds containing nanosilicates and resulted in significant upregulation of osteo-related proteins and production of mineralized matrix. The synergistic ability of nanosilicates and PEOT/PBT can be utilized for designing bioactive scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

Immobilization of carboxymethyl chitosan/laponite on polycaprolactone nanofibers as osteoinductive bone scaffolds

“…Furthermore, the ALP activity values for the cells seeded on the PCL@CMC/LAP3.5% scaffold were significantly higher than those for the cells on the PCL@CMC scaffold ( P ≤ .001). These results agree with previous reports about enhancing the osteodifferentiation of stem cells on polymeric scaffolds containing LAP nanoplatelets 1,25,35 …”

“…Bone damages occur in a wide variety of clinical situations, and bone tissue engineering offers remedies through the utilization of scaffolds with the proper mechanical and functional integrity 1 . A principle step in bone regeneration is the scaffold fabrication with structural, mechanical, and biological characteristics.…”

2D Nanoclay for Biomedical Applications: Regenerative Medicine, Therapeutic Delivery, and Additive Manufacturing

“…Nanoclay usage has continued to expand since their initial discovery over 4000 years ago. polycaprolactone (PCL) [24,207] or poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) [208] .…”

The Overview of Porous, Bioactive Scaffolds as Instructive Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration and Their Clinical Translation

“…For instance, incorporation of Nel-like molecule-1 (Nell-1) growth factors in chitosan nanoparticles loaded in an electrospun scaffold allows to maintain the continuous release of growth factors to cells enhancing in a significant way the type II collagen, SOX9 , and aggrecan expression of hBMSCs consistent with chondrogenic differentiation [ 178 ]. Nanosilicates incorporated in a copolymer based on poly(ethylene oxide terephthalate) (PEOT)/poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) (PEOT/PBT) were shown to increase ALP activity of hMSC which indicates an osteogenic differentiation [ 179 ]. Furthermore, Sun et al [ 180 ] used a computational approach to demonstrate that the pore size of a scaffold plays a role in the release kinetics from the pore walls of growth factors while porosity affects the vascularization and osteogenesis, which implies that scaffold architecture can contribute to modulate the supply of growth factors.…”