3D Printed Electrochromic Supercapacitors with Ultrahigh Mechanical Strength and Energy Density

Abstract

range of electronic applications due to its safe operation, great power output, fast charge-discharge, super-high service life and good reversibility. [1] Recently, with the rapid update of fantastic electronic gadgets and continuous expansion of electronic industrial market, people pay more and more attention to the function integration and intelligent design of electronic products. [2] To meet these demands, a variety of novel multifunctional SCs have been developed, such as flexible/rigid SC, electrochromic SC, all-climate SC and structure-designable SC. [3] Electrochromic SC, also called smart SC, represents an attractive technology that integrates both capacitive and electrochromic functions into a single device. [4] Electrochromic SC could simultaneously exploit electrochemical and electrochromic processes at the electrode-electrolyte interface because of the similar redox chemical reaction mechanism. [5] Interestingly, SC with additional electrochromic functionalities can achieve the intelligent monitoring of the energy storage state of the device by the color variations or transmittance change during the charge/discharge cycles. [6] However, to date, the functionality of general electrochromic SCs has been limited to optical modulation at fragile and highcost conductive glass plates. More diversified functionalities must be developed, such as superior electrochromic properties, high mechanical strength, 3D structural designability, etc., to meet the requirements of future emerging applications such as embedded mobile electronic products and engineering applications. Therefore, the exploration of novel multifunctional integrated electrochromic SC is urgently needed and an interesting topic.Electrochromic materials, which are capable of reversibly and persistently changing their optical properties under applied voltage, are the key element of multifunctional integrated electrochromic system and the primary determiner of its ultimate multifunctional performance. [7] Among them, tungsten oxide hydrates with layered structure (WO 3 •xH 2 O, x = 0-2) are great electrochemically and electrochromically active materials, because of their fast color switching, good coloration efficiency, wide optical modulation and high cyclic stability. [8] The interlaminar water molecule could directly increase the distance between adjacent lattice layers to supply a larger With the accelerating update of advanced electronic gadgets, a great deal of attention is being paid today to the function integration and intelligent design of electronic devices. Herein, a novel kind of multitasking 3D oxygen-deficient WO 3-x • 2H 2 O/Ag/ceramic microscaffolds, possessing simultaneous giant energy density, ultrahigh mechanical strength, and reversible electrochromic performance is proposed, and fabricated by a 3D printing technique. The ceramic microscaffolds ensure outstanding mechanical strength and stability, the topology optimized porous lattice structure provides developed surface area for coloration as well as abundant easily access...

Recent progress in the development of smart supercapacitors

“…(N) Optical images of WO 3 · x H 2 O/Ag/ceramic composites at different voltages. Reproduced with permission: Copyright 2021, Wiley‐VCH 30 . (O) 3D NM@NiCo BH preparation process.…”

“…3D printed electrochromic electrodes. Reproduced with permission: Copyright 2020, Wiley‐VCH 30 . Sweat‐based biosupercapacitor.…”

Nature‐Inspired 3D Spiral Grass Structured Graphene Quantum Dots/MXene Nanohybrids with Exceptional Photothermal‐Driven Pseudo‐Capacitance Improvement

“…Structure design is known to play a critical role in the overall performance of photothermal electrodes. [ 11 ] In the long history of evolution, nature has created countless miracles, especially various ingenious structures from the macro world to the micro scale. [ 12 ] Many plants and animals have evolved unique structures to promote their survival in special environments.…”

Vanadium-Substituted Dawson-Type Polyoxometalate–TiO2 Nanowire Composite Film as Advanced Cathode Material for Bifunctional Electrochromic Energy-Storage Devices

“…With the continuing development of sustainable resources, devices for energy storage and conversion, such as solar cells, supercapacitors, and electrochromic (EC) devices, have attracted increasing attention [1][2][3]. EC devices are known to change colour via charge insertion/extraction or reversible redox reactions driven by an external electric field [4,5].…”