3D-Printed Graphene/Polylactic Acid Electrodes Promise High Sensitivity in Electroanalysis

Abstract

Additive manufacturing provides a unique tool for prototyping structures toward electrochemical sensing, due to its ability to produce highly versatile, tailored-shaped devices in a low-cost and fast way with minimized waste. Here we present 3D-printed graphene electrodes for electrochemical sensing. Ring- and disc-shaped electrodes were 3D-printed with a Fused Deposition Modeling printer and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. Different redox probes KFe(CN):KFe(CN), FeCl, ascorbic acid, Ru(NH)Cl, and ferrocene monocarboxylic acid) were used to assess the electrochemical performance of these devices. Finally, the electrochemical detection of picric acid and ascorbic acid was carried out as proof-of-concept analytes for sensing applications. Such customizable platforms represent promising alternatives to conventional electrodes for a wide range of sensing applications.

Tunable Room‐Temperature Synthesis of ReS2 Bicatalyst on 3D‐ and 2D‐Printed Electrodes for Photo‐ and Electrochemical Energy Applications

“…3D‐printed carbon components have been tailored in different geometries for electrochemical energy production, conversion, and storage devices. [ 7,8 ] Furthermore, the heterogeneous electron transfer rates of the printed carbon electrodes can be increased by solvent activation in acetone, [ 9 ] dimethylformamide, [ 10,11 ] and simple thermal annealing process to reduce the amount of the insulating PLA, hence increases the active surface on the electrode. These conductive electrodes may serve as a platform to accommodate another active material.…”

Preparation and 3D-printing of highly conductive polylactic acid/carbon nanotube nanocomposites via local enrichment strategy

“…Carbon based llers including graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon ber (CF) are commonly used as the second component to satisfy the demands of polymer materials for the functionality. [10][11][12][13][14] For the conventional functional composites, such as conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPNs), the construction of conductive networks is mainly depended on the traditional percolation theory, which is due to the formation of long-range ller's connectivity in random systems. [15][16][17] While above the percolation threshold, a giant connected network could be formed.…”

Insulating 3D-printed templates are turned into metallic electrodes: application as electrodes for glycerol electrooxidation

“…The biggest challenge is to print ready-to-use electrodes, since the extrusion of composite thermoplastic/metal is still rare. In this sense, much effort has been spent to build and print plastic/carbon materials [10][11][12] and to modify existing printed objects. 4,11 Wei et al produced graphene oxide (GO) blended with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) to build a GO-thermoplastic lament for the rst time.…”

“…In this sense, much effort has been spent to build and print plastic/carbon materials [10][11][12] and to modify existing printed objects. 4,11 Wei et al produced graphene oxide (GO) blended with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) or polylactic acid (PLA) to build a GO-thermoplastic lament for the rst time. 10 The authors also reduced GO to rGO with hydrazine hydrate in order to make a rGO-thermoplastic lament.…”

“…This procedure allows the authors to access the active sites of the electrode, which is used for electroanalysis. 11 Aside from thermoplastic/carbon materials, there is an impending need to build metallic 3D-printed electrodes. A successful postprinted modication was made by Díaz-Marta et al to produce Pd-and Cu-based materials for heterogeneous organic synthesis.…”