“…At the present stage, AM is entering markets in many diverse industrial fields, including lightweight engineering, energy, medicine and food production (Ligon et al, 2017). Plastic AM is commercially being used for medical implants (Zarek et al, 2016), prosthesis and tissue printing (Liaw and Guvendiren, 2017;Yang et al, 2019), optical products (Kranert et al, 2020), custom machine parts (Yuan et al, 2019), sports equipment (Meier et al, 2019), wearables (Di Nicolantonio et al, 2019) and robotics (Zhu et al, 2020) to name a few. Smart materials such as shape memory alloys (SMAs) and shape memory polymers (SMPs) are materials that can store a temporary shape and return to their original/permanent shape upon the application of a stimulus (Lendlein and Kelch, 2002).…”