3D-Printed PLA Filaments Reinforced with Nanofibrillated Cellulose

Perić, Matea; Putz, Robert; Paulik, Christian

doi:10.32604/jrm.2020.09284

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…At the same time, the melting temperature practically did not change (only a minor decrease was observed) with the raised content of each filler. The same conclusion also was found by Perić et al [ 31 ]. In contrast, the enthalpy of melting was greatly increased by the fillers, which again proved their role as a crystal nuclei that increased the rate of crystallinity of the filaments.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

“…To overcome some of its drawbacks, PLA can be blended with fillers, such as nanoparticles. In most cases, the physical properties of PLA composites are enhanced by NFC incorporation; however, no improvement and even a decrease in the physical properties of PLA composites have also been reported [ 31 ]. In our research, composite PLA filaments with added unmodified and lignin/polymerised lignin surface-modified NFC were analysed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of PLA Composite Filaments Reinforced with Lignin and Polymerised-Lignin-Treated NFC

et al. 2021

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Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most suitable materials for 3D printing. Blending with nanoparticles improves some of its properties, broadening its application possibilities. The article presents a study of composite PLA matrix filaments with added unmodified and lignin/polymerised lignin surface-modified nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC). The influence of untreated and surface-modified NFC on morphological, mechanical, technological, infrared spectroscopic, and dynamic mechanical properties was evaluated for different groups of samples. As determined by the stereo and scanning electron microscopy, the unmodified and surface-modified NFCs with lignin and polymerised lignin were present in the form of plate-shaped agglomerates. The addition of NFC slightly reduced the filaments’ tensile strength, stretchability, and ability to absorb energy, while in contrast, the initial modulus slightly improved. By adding NFC to the PLA matrix, the bending storage modulus (E’) decreased slightly at lower temperatures, especially in the PLA samples with 3 wt% and 5 wt% NFC. When NFC was modified with lignin and polymerised lignin, an increase in E’ was noticed, especially in the glassy state.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of PLA Composite Filaments Reinforced with Lignin and Polymerised-Lignin-Treated NFC

et al. 2021

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“…Poor interfacial bond was observed as temperatures increased. Perić et al [ 123 ] aimed to improve the mechanical property of PLA/nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC) composite. Spruce cellulose pulp was used as filler material.…”

Section: Fdm Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review on natural fillers reinforced polymer composites using fused deposition modeling

et al. 2023

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is being used more widely because of the simplicity of the operating procedures. It decreases material consumption during part production and eliminates material waste. Fused deposition modeling (FDM), a well‐known AM process, uses thermoplastic polymer as a feedstock to manufacture the end design. Pure thermoplastic‐based products are still utilized as prototypes in several sectors due to their lack of strength and durability. This problem has been solved by strengthening the thermoplastics by adding a reinforcing element. Composites are made of polymers and various constituents known as reinforcing components. This article overviews natural reinforced polymer composites used in the FDM process. Mechanical and Thermal properties are presented based on natural filler percentage, and this article only considered natural composite filaments for the FDM process.

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“…However, the key hurdles in manufacturing polymer composites lie in achieving a homogeneous dispersion of NFC and ensuring good interfacial adhesion between the hydrophilic NFC and the polymer matrix. Perić et al (2020) and Gregor-Svetec et al (2021) emphasise the importance of considering various factors that in uence the improvement of properties in nano-reinforced composites. These factors include matrix and ller properties (particularly the percentage, shape, and size of particles, as well as their orientation within the matrix), compatibility, and interactions between the ller and matrix, and the dispersion of NFC within the PLA matrix in bre-reinforced systems.…”

Section: Biopolymer Lamentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties: Nanofibrillated Cellulose - Reinforced PHB/PBAT 3D Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling

Jeffri,

Fazita,

Haafiz

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Melt extrusion was used to create three-dimensional (3D) filaments reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in blends of polyhydroxybutyrate/polybutylene-co-adipate terephthalate (PHB/PBAT) in various ratios (0.5%, 1%, and 2%). A twin-screw extruder was used to extrude filaments with an approximate diameter of 3mm. Consequently, these filaments were analyses for their rheological, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties. The PHB/PBAT/NFC blends and neat PHB were compared to assess the effect of blending PHB with PBAT and reinforcing it with NFC. The inclusion of PBAT and the reinforcing effect of NFC were investigated by thermal analysis, which resulted in an improvement in thermal behaviour and stability. However, as illustrated by the result of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the incorporation of PBAT reduced PHB’s crystallinity. This correspondingly affected its rheological and mechanical strength. The desired tensile properties necessary for three-dimensional (3D) printing can be maintained with the addition of NFC. The highest tensile properties were achieved by the lowest loading of NFC. Additionally, it is proved from the result of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis, for 0.5% NFC loading exhibited a better two-phase system and effective dispersion of NFC. This research expands the potential applications of PHB, including PHB/PBAT blends and PHB/PBAT/NFC composites.

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3D-Printed PLA Filaments Reinforced with Nanofibrillated Cellulose

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

Analysis of PLA Composite Filaments Reinforced with Lignin and Polymerised-Lignin-Treated NFC

Analysis of PLA Composite Filaments Reinforced with Lignin and Polymerised-Lignin-Treated NFC

A comprehensive review on natural fillers reinforced polymer composites using fused deposition modeling

Enhancement of Thermal and Mechanical Properties: Nanofibrillated Cellulose - Reinforced PHB/PBAT 3D Filaments for Fused Deposition Modeling

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