3D‐Printed Polyetheretherketone Smart Polymer Nanocomposite Scaffolds: Mechanical, Self‐Sensing, and Biological Attributes

Abstract

This study demonstrates the mechanical, self‐sensing and biological characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) engineered 3D‐printed PEEK composite scaffolds, utilising custom‐made feedstocks. Microstructural analysis and macroscale testing reveal that the PEEK/CNT scaffolds with 6wt.% CNT content and 46% relative density, achieve a gauge factor of up to 75, a modulus of 0.64 GPa, and a compressive strength of 64 MPa. The PEEK/CNT2.5/GNP2.5 scaffolds evince still better performance, at a relative density of 73%, reporting a modulus of up to 1.1 GPa and a compressive strength of 122 MPa. Importantly, stability in mechanical and piezoresistive performance up to 500 cycles is noted, indicating a durable and reliable performance under cyclic loading. Murine pre‐osteoblast cells (MC3T3‐E1) are used to biologically characterise sulfonated scaffolds over 14 days. Cytotoxicity, DNA, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels are quantified through in vitro assays, evaluating cell viability, proliferation and osteogenic properties. Notably, PEEK/CNT 6wt.% scaffolds exhibit nearly 80% cytocompatibility, while PEEK/CNT2.5/GNP2.5 scaffolds reach nearly 100%. Both types of scaffolds support cell differentiation, as evidenced by elevated ALP levels. These findings carry significant promise in bone tissue engineering, paving the way for the development of adaptive, intelligent structural implants boasting enhanced biocompatibility and self‐sensing capabilities.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.