3D printed porous PLA/nHA composite scaffolds with enhanced osteogenesis and osteoconductivity in vivo for bone regeneration

Abstract

Repair and regeneration of large bone defects is still a challenge, especially for defects which are the irregular and complex. Three-dimension (3D) printing, as an advanced fabrication technology, has been received considerable attentions due to its high precision, customized geometry and personalization. In this study, 3D porous polylactic acid/nano hydroxyapatite (PLA/nHA) composite scaffolds with enhanced osteogenesis and osteoconductivity were successfully fabricated by desktop fused deposition modeling technology. Morphological, composition and structural analysis revealed that nHA was successfully introduced into the PLA system and homogeneously dispersed in the printed PLA/nHA scaffolds. In vitro antibacterial experiment confirmed that the printed porous PLA/nHA scaffolds have good ability for loading and releasing vancomycin and levofloxacin. Meanwhile, MG-63 cells were used to evaluate the cytocompatibility of printed porous PLA/nHA scaffolds by proliferation and cellular morphological analysis. In addition, rabbit model was established to evaluate the osteogenesis and osteoconductivity of printed PLA/nHA scaffolds. All these results suggested that the 3D printed PLA/nHA scaffolds have great potential for repairing and regeneration of large bone defects.

3D Printed Wavy Scaffolds Enhance Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis

“…Thus, it has been widely utilized for fabricating custom designed bone scaffolds [24][25][26][27][28]. A wide range of 3D printing techniques have been used to fabricate 3D bone scaffolds, such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) [29][30][31][32], direct ink writing (DIW) [33,34], selective laser sintering and melting (SLS and SLM) [35], stereolithography (SLA) [36][37][38], continuous digital light processing (cDLP) [39,40], and inkjet printing [41,42]. These 3D printing technologies allow utilizing various 2 of 15 printable materials [43] and designs [44].…”

Additive Manufacturing of Material Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration: Toward Application in the Clinics

“…Thus, PCL associated with dispense plotting, [ 12 ] different ceramics printed via robocasting, [ 126,127 ] inkjet printing or dispense plotting, [ 13,75,76,132,137 ] and composites of biodegradable polymers and ceramics combined with MHDS or FDM were rated as promising because of their high bone regeneration performances in vivo. [ 53,64,82–84,86,94 ]…”

“…Extrusion printing, notably FDM, is the most widely used AM technique since it allows to print a large variety of materials, including polymers, [ 12,52–54,63,69,78,86,93,117–122 ] ceramics, [ 93,123–134 ] and composites (Figure 2) [ 53,64,73,82–90,92–94,135 ] at a low cost and with good accuracy (±0.5 mm according to 3D Hubs, see Table 3). Indeed, polymers such as PCL, PLA, PLGA, or PEEK are easily fabricated in the form of filaments, or as powder that can be mixed to a solution to form a paste.…”

“…[ 18,67,78,86–93,117–121,123–134,137–140,146,147 ] Around 32% of the preclinical studies reviewed in Table 2 are conducted in load‐bearing sites. [ 12,53,54,63,64,73,74,82–85,97,98,104,127,135,141 ] This difference may be due to the specific requirement for bone healing in a load‐bearing sites: good mechanical properties of the scaffolds are a prerequisite.…”

Biofunctionalization of Textile Materials. 2. Antimicrobial Modification of Poly(lactide) (PLA) Nonwoven Fabricsby Fosfomycin

“…Polylactide (PLA) presents polymers of multifunctional application, widely used in medical related areas [1]. PLA hybrids with antibacterial additivities (bactericide agents) provide antiseptic properties, and therefore are applied in a variety of medical applications, namely, such as bioactive fibers for drug delivery [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], for tissue engineering applications [19][20][21][22], forwound healing materials [23][24][25][26] and membranes for efficient treatment of burns [27,28].…”