3D printed scaffold design for bone defects with improved mechanical and biological properties

Fallah, Ali; Altunbek, Mine; Bartolo, Paulo Jorge Da Silva; Cooper, Glen M.; Weightman, Andrew; Blunn, Gordon; Koç, Bahattin

doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105418

Cited by 30 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The geometric design determines two critical properties of the PCL cage structure: (i) mechanical strength that must be strong enough to hold the load-bearing force applied to the defect area, and (ii) the porosity that has to supply the sufficient amount of the nutrients and oxygen to the cells encapsulated into the PEG-based hydrogel placed inside the PCL cage. Moreover, the pore geometries of this zigzag/spiral structure guided cells to fill the pores in a pattern that can help gradient mineralization in a shorter period of time . Hence, we decided to alternate three different models of zigzag structures: (1) zigzag, (2) zigzag/spiral, and (3) zigzag/spiral-shifted.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The zigzag pattern had a higher compressive stress than the zigzag/spiral and zigzag/spiral-shifted patterns although they had the same level of total porosity. It is known that in the 3D printed structures, the exerted loads are distributed and bear through filament junctions of the vicinity layers . In the zigzag pattern, the filaments of each layer supported the upper layers, and the contact area of the filaments in the alternating layers was higher compared to the other structures resulting in stiffer mechanical properties.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three concentric porous structures including zigzag/zigzag, zigzag/spiral, and zigzag/spiral shifted were designed for the PCL cage architecture and evaluated with their mechanical strength and oxygen/medium diffusion capacity. ,, A novel algorithm was developed to control the microarchitecture of the constructs and also continuously print directly from the medical images. Figure represents the steps from modeling the defect area to path planning for PCL cages and hybrid structure designs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, the well-known Ludwik’s equation is used to describe the plastic behavior of the material σ normalf = Y + K ε p n where K , Y , and n are the strength coefficient, initial yield stress (Pa), and the strain-hardening exponent, respectively. The PCL material properties are extracted from our previous work . The CAD models are imported to Ansys Workbench (Ansys Inc., 2020) for the subsequent simulation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and 3D Printing of Personalized Hybrid and Gradient Structures for Critical Size Bone Defects

Altunbek

Afghah

Fallah

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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Treating critical-size bone defects with autografts, allografts, or standardized implants is challenging since the healing of the defect area necessitates patient-specific grafts with mechanically and physiologically relevant structures. Three-dimensional (3D) printing using computer-aided design (CAD) is a promising approach for bone tissue engineering applications by producing constructs with customized designs and biomechanical compositions. In this study, we propose 3D printing of personalized and implantable hybrid active scaffolds with a unique architecture and biomaterial composition for critical-size bone defects. The proposed 3D hybrid construct was designed to have a gradient cell-laden poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel, which was surrounded by a porous polycaprolactone (PCL) cage structure to recapitulate the anatomical structure of the defective area. The optimized PCL cage design not only provides improved mechanical properties but also allows the diffusion of nutrients and medium through the scaffold. Three different designs including zigzag, zigzag/spiral, and zigzag/spiral with shifting the zigzag layers were evaluated to find an optimal architecture from a mechanical point of view and permeability that can provide the necessary mechanical strength and oxygen/nutrient diffusion, respectively. Mechanical properties were investigated experimentally and analytically using finite element analysis (FEA), and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to determine the permeability of the structures. A hybrid scaffold was fabricated via 3D printing of the PCL cage structure and a PEG-based bioink comprising a varying number of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The gradient bioink was deposited inside the PCL cage through a microcapillary extrusion to generate a mineralized gradient structure. The zigzag/spiral design for the PCL cage was found to be mechanically strong with sufficient and optimum nutrient/gas axial and radial diffusion while the PEG-based hydrogel provided a biocompatible environment for hBMSC viability, differentiation, and mineralization. This study promises the production of personalized constructs for critical-size bone defects by printing different biomaterials and gradient cells with a hybrid design depending on the need for a donor site for implantation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Design and 3D Printing of Personalized Hybrid and Gradient Structures for Critical Size Bone Defects

Altunbek

Afghah

Fallah

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Human mesenchymal stem cells seeded scaffolds determined the effects of geometrical microstructure on cell attachment and morphology. The cells in the scaffold with a zigzag pattern infilled pores quickly in comparison with the other pattern [13]. Tables 3 and 4 outline the latest developments in 3D bioprinting of bone in-vivo and in-vitro studies respectively.…”

Section: Table 2 Polymers Used In Bioinksmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing for Tissue Regeneration

Kasturi¹,

Mathur²,

Agarwal³

et al. 2023

Advances in 3D Printing

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Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field and 3D bioprinting has emerged to be the holy grail to fabricate artificial organs. This chapter gives an overview of the latest advances in 3D bioprinting technology in the commercial space and academic research sector. It explores the commercially available 3D bioprinters and commercially printed products that are currently available in the market. It provides a brief introduction to bioinks and the latest developments in 3D bioprinting various organs. The chapter also discusses the advancements in tissue regeneration from 3D printing to 4D printing.

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Three-dimensional printing of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: a review

El‐Fiqi

2023

Front. Mater. Sci.

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3D printed scaffold design for bone defects with improved mechanical and biological properties

Cited by 30 publications

References 46 publications

Design and 3D Printing of Personalized Hybrid and Gradient Structures for Critical Size Bone Defects

Design and 3D Printing of Personalized Hybrid and Gradient Structures for Critical Size Bone Defects

3D Printing for Tissue Regeneration

Three-dimensional printing of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: a review

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