3D printed spinning cup-shaped device for immunoaffinity solid-phase extraction of diclofenac in wastewaters

Abstract

This article reports current research efforts towards designing bespoke microscale extraction approaches exploiting the versatility of 3D printing for fast prototyping of novel geometries of sorptive devices. This is demonstrated via the so-called 3D printed spinning cup-based platform for immunoextraction of emerging contaminants using diclofenac as a model analyte. A new format of rotating cylindrical scaffold (containing a semispherical upper cavity) with enhanced coverage of biorecognition elements, and providing elevated enhancement factors with no need of eluate processing as compared with other microextraction stirring units is proposed. Two distinct synthetic routes capitalized upon modification of the acrylate surface of stereolithographic 3D printed parts with hexamethylenediamine or branched polyethyleneimine chemistries were assayed for covalent binding of monoclonal diclofenac antibody.Under the optimized experimental conditions, a LOD of 108 ng L−1 diclofenac, dynamic linear range of 0.4–1,500 µg L–1, and enrichment factors > 83 (for near-exhaustive extraction) were obtained using liquid chromatography coupled with UV–Vis detection. The feasibility of the antibody-laden device for handling of complex samples was demonstrated with the analysis of raw influent wastewaters with relative recoveries ranging from 102 to 109%. By exploiting stereolithographic 3D printing, up to 36 midget devices were fabricated in a single run with an estimated cost of mere 0.68 euros per 3D print and up to 16 €/device after the incorporation of the monoclonal antibody. Graphical abstract

Evolution of Green Sample Preparation: Fostering a Sustainable Tomorrow in Analytical Sciences

“…Furthermore, the required amount of reagents is very low, which favors the production of many paper devices in the same batch. Regarding 3D printing technology, Miró’s group − has reported different 3D printed platforms for analytical purposes. For example, an organic polymer has been covalently attached to nonmetallic 3D printed cartridges for automated SPE.…”

Magnetic Liposomes Infused with GPCR-Expressing Cell Membrane for Targeted Extraction Using Minimum Organic Solvent: An Investigative Study of Trace THC in Sewage

“…17 Although successful examples have been demonstrated in food and wastewater samples, the stability and molecular recognition capacity of antibodies are often jeopardized. 18,19 To overcome this limitation, synthetic materials have been explored to mimick natural antibodies. 20,21 For example, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles embedded with Fe 3 O 4 were shown to specifically recognize and adsorb trace tetracycline from milk samples, with a limit of detection at 0.83 ng/mL.…”

“…This technique was firstly described in biological matrices including blood and urine, where the atibody–antigen binding potency was optimized . Although successful examples have been demonstrated in food and wastewater samples, the stability and molecular recognition capacity of antibodies are often jeopardized. , To overcome this limitation, synthetic materials have been explored to mimick natural antibodies. , For example, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles embedded with Fe 3 O 4 were shown to specifically recognize and adsorb trace tetracycline from milk samples, with a limit of detection at 0.83 ng/mL . Synthetic recognition units, however, lack the delicacy and sophistication of natural antibodies, thus often resulting in compromised binding strength and extraction specificity …”