3D printed trabeculae conditionally reproduce the mechanical properties of the actual trabeculae - A preliminary study

Zheng, Lixuan; Huang, Xiu-Hong; Li, Chihung; Li, Pengfei; Lin, Ziling; Huang, Shaohong

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12101

Heliyon

2022

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12101

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3D printed trabeculae conditionally reproduce the mechanical properties of the actual trabeculae - A preliminary study

Lixuan Zheng

Xiu-Hong Huang²,

Chihung Li³

et al.

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Cited by 4 publications

References 58 publications

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Printable and Tunable Bioresin with Strategically Decorated Molecular Structures

Rufo‐Martín,

Infante‐García,

Díaz‐Álvarez

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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As personalized medicine rapidly evolves, there is a critical demand for advanced biocompatible materials surpassing current additive manufacturing capabilities. This study presents a novel printable bioresin engineered with tunable mechanical, thermal, and biocompatibility properties through strategic molecular modifications. The study introduces a new bioresin comprising methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and a photoinitiator, which is further enhanced by incorporating high molecular weight polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) to improve biostability and mechanical performance. The integration of printable PMMA presents several synthesis and processing challenges, necessitating substantial modifications to the 3D printing process. Additionally, the bioresin is functionalized with antibacterial silver oxide and bone‐growth‐promoting hydroxyapatite at various weight ratios to extend its application further. The results demonstrate the agile printability of the novel bioresin and its potential for transformative impact in biomedical applications, offering a versatile material platform for additive manufacturing‐enabled personalized medicine. This work highlights the adaptability of the novel printable bioresin for real‐life applications and its capacity for multiscale structural tailoring, potentially achieving properties comparable to native tissues and extending beyond conventional additive manufacturing techniques.

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Printable and Tunable Bioresin with Strategically Decorated Molecular Structures

Rufo‐Martín,

Infante‐García,

Díaz‐Álvarez

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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Characterization of mechanical stiffness using additive manufacturing and finite element analysis: potential tool for bone health assessment

Marupudi,

Cao,

Samala

et al. 2023

3D Print Med

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Background Bone health and fracture risk are known to be correlated with stiffness. Both micro-finite element analysis (μFEA) and mechanical testing of additive manufactured phantoms are useful approaches for estimating mechanical properties of trabecular bone-like structures. However, it is unclear if measurements from the two approaches are consistent. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the agreement between stiffness measurements obtained from mechanical testing of additive manufactured trabecular bone phantoms and μFEA modeling. Agreement between the two methods would suggest 3D printing is a viable method for validation of μFEA modeling. Methods A set of 20 lumbar vertebrae regions of interests were segmented and the corresponding trabecular bone phantoms were produced using selective laser sintering. The phantoms were mechanically tested in uniaxial compression to derive their stiffness values. The stiffness values were also derived from in silico simulation, where linear elastic μFEA was applied to simulate the same compression and boundary conditions. Bland-Altman analysis was used to evaluate agreement between the mechanical testing and μFEA simulation values. Additionally, we evaluated the fidelity of the 3D printed phantoms as well as the repeatability of the 3D printing and mechanical testing process. Results We observed good agreement between the mechanically tested stiffness and μFEA stiffness, with R2 of 0.84 and normalized root mean square deviation of 8.1%. We demonstrate that the overall trabecular bone structures are printed in high fidelity (Dice score of 0.97 (95% CI, [0.96,0.98]) and that mechanical testing is repeatable (coefficient of variation less than 5% for stiffness values from testing of duplicated phantoms). However, we noticed some defects in the resin microstructure of the 3D printed phantoms, which may account for the discrepancy between the stiffness values from simulation and mechanical testing. Conclusion Overall, the level of agreement achieved between the mechanical stiffness and μFEA indicates that our μFEA methods may be acceptable for assessing bone mechanics of complex trabecular structures as part of an analysis of overall bone health.

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Studying trabecular bone samples demonstrates a power law relation between deteriorated structure and mechanical properties - a study combining 3D printing with the finite element method

et al. 2023

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IntroductionThe bone volume fraction (BV/TV) significantly contributes to the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. However, when studies compare normal trabeculae against osteoporotic trabeculae (in terms of BV/TV decrease), only an “average” mechanical result has been determined because of the limitation that no two trabecular structures are the same and that each unique trabecular structure can be mechanically tested only once. The mathematic relation between individual structural deterioration and mechanical properties during aging or the osteoporosis process has yet to be further clarified. Three-dimensional (3D) printing and micro-CT-based finite element method (μFEM) can assist in overcoming this issue.MethodsIn this study, we 3D printed structural-identical but BV/TV value-attenuated trabecular bones (scaled up ×20) from the distal femur of healthy and ovariectomized rats and performed compression mechanical tests. Corresponding μFEM models were also established for simulations. The tissue modulus and strength of 3D printed trabecular bones as well as the effective tissue modulus (denoted as Ez) derived from μFEM models were finally corrected by the side-artifact correction factor.ResultsThe results showed that the tissue modulus corrected, strength corrected and Ez corrected exhibited a significant power law function of BV/TV in structural-identical but BV/TV value-attenuated trabecular samples. DiscussionUsing 3D printed bones, this study confirms the long-known relationship measured in trabecular tissue with varying volume fractions. In the future, 3D printing may help us attain better bone strength evaluations and even personal fracture risk assessments for patients who suffer from osteoporosis.

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3D printed trabeculae conditionally reproduce the mechanical properties of the actual trabeculae - A preliminary study

Cited by 4 publications

References 58 publications

Printable and Tunable Bioresin with Strategically Decorated Molecular Structures

Printable and Tunable Bioresin with Strategically Decorated Molecular Structures

Characterization of mechanical stiffness using additive manufacturing and finite element analysis: potential tool for bone health assessment

Studying trabecular bone samples demonstrates a power law relation between deteriorated structure and mechanical properties - a study combining 3D printing with the finite element method

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