3D printed tricalcium phosphate-bioglass scaffold with gyroid structure enhance bone ingrowth in challenging bone defect treatment

Three-Dimensional Printing of Large-Scale, High-Resolution Bioceramics with Micronano Inner Porosity and Customized Surface Characterization Design for Bone Regeneration

“…After debinding, the resin decomposed, leaving only inorganic particles piled together (Figure d). According to a host of previous studies, the green body of calcium phosphate ceramics needs to be sintered above 1000 °C for sufficient time to densify and transform into ceramics . Thus, the sintering process followed the debinding process in the same heating chamber from 600 to above 1000 °C (1050, 1150, and 1250 °C) at a rate of 5 °C/min and was maintained at this temperature for 2 h. During this step, the ceramic particles tend to agglomerate to fill the gaps left by the binder, and the printed entity begins to shrink.…”

Additive Manufacturing of Bio-Inspired Ceramic Bone Scaffolds: Structural Design, Mechanical Properties and Biocompatibility

“…It has been reported that osseous tissues could tightly attach to the surface of a dense bioceramic prosthesis [44] but failed to grow into the interior. According to our previous studies, micro pores on the surface were easier to capture cell suspension, and micro channels could promote the degradation of scaffolds and the inward growth of cells, forming the cross-binding state of new bone tissue and ceramic grain, and enhancing the biological fixation effect [8]. Further, cell mineralization was observed after 14 days of culture.…”

“…For one thing, customization of the damaged part greatly improves the recovery process and reduces the risk of secondary surgery. For another, the introduction of pores regulates the mechanical behavior to adapt to the strength of human bones [8]. Moreover, the contact area with tissues is significantly improved for porous bone scaffolds, enhancing cell adhesion [9][10], developing a biological fixation effect.…”

Additive Manufacturing of Bioceramic Implants for Restoration Bone Engineering: Technologies, Advances, and Future Perspectives

“…Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) is biocompatible and osteoinductive due to its main component of calcium phosphate and has a faster degradation rate compared to HA. High-resolution, high-purity, porous β-TCP implants have been prepared using DLP . It has a relative density of 99.5%, higher compressive strength than typical similar implants, and provides cytocompatibility and osteogenicity …”