3D printing of bone tissue engineering scaffolds

Recent progress in extrusion 3D bioprinting of hydrogel biomaterials for tissue regeneration: a comprehensive review with focus on advanced fabrication techniques

“…The gold standard for bone restoration still generally is autogenous bone grafts that are harvested from intra-or extra-oral sites; however, this has the limitation of low graft quantity, donor site morbidity, and infection. Although many researchers have made attempts to develop therapeutic approaches for the fabrication of human bone [121,123,124] as a highly ordered and vascularized tissue [125], few have succeeded in which there is still no effective treatment for most cases [126][127][128]. As a result, bone tissue engineering (BTE) undergoes a booming advancement as the alternative to bone grafting, where graft substitutes are made using biomaterials to replace or repair damaged bone defects [125].…”

“…Among different biomaterials, hydrogels are considered as promising materials for BTE due to their physical or structural similarity to natural tissues; however, hydrogels often suffer from poor mechanical properties specially in BTE applications [129]. By reviewing the available literature, it can be observed that some researchers have concentrated on the requirements for bioinks in 3D-printed bone scaffolds [121,123,130] . For instance, Turnbull and coworkers [131] critically focused on materials and barriers to clinical translation.…”

Extending Cellulose-Based Polymers Application in Additive Manufacturing Technology: A Review of Recent Approaches

“…Therefore, many naturally derived polymers are used in current studies for the preparation of scaffolds by 3D printing due to the large potential in biomedical applications, particularly the replacement and regeneration of cells, tissues, or organs [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Various studies have been conducted in this field using different formulations of collagens, alginates, and chitosan, as these materials are well-known natural sources of polymers [ 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Bioengineering Bone Tissue with 3D Printed Scaffolds in the Presence of Oligostilbenes

“…To induce bone regeneration, porous scaffolds with appropriate shape, pore size, porosity, degradability, biocompatibility, mechanical properties and desirable cellular responses are required. 3D printing has revealed to be very useful in this field, thanks to the capability to process complex shapes with a wide variety of biocompatible materials such as poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) starting from filaments and pellets [ 27 ]. In this study we investigate the combination of Res and Pol treatment and 3D-printed polycarbonate (PC) scaffolds to study the possible effects of this set-up on MSCs commitment into the osteoblastic lineage.…”