3D printing of stimuli-responsive hydrogel materials: Literature review and emerging applications

Arif, Zia Ullah; Khalid, Muhammad Yasir; Tariq, Ali; Hossain, Mokarram; Umer, Rehan

doi:10.1016/j.giant.2023.100209

Cited by 48 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 407 publications

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“…[ 111 ] Because of the change of viscoelastic characteristics, it can be used in 2D direct writing technology or 3D printing technology, so as to make 2D patterns or simple 3D structures, and realize flexible stretchable conductive pathways. [ 112–114 ] However, due to the addition of other substances, there will be a series of problems such as reduced conductivity or ductility or complicated surface modification process.…”

Section: Continuous Forming Methods Of Liquid Metalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the above continuous forming methods of LMs, LMs can also be induced by electrical, magnetic, thermal, chemical, and other methods for molding. [ 41,63,109,114 ] This can reduce the surface tension without changing the conductivity, thus expanding the application of LMs (such as electric drive, magnetic heat treatment, soft robots, etc.). [ 90,115,116 ] For example, using magnetic fields, the directional motion of LM can be realized for actuation and therapeutic bioengineering.…”

Section: Continuous Forming Methods Of Liquid Metalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Composites and the Continuous Forming Methods

Wang,

Wu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Adv Eng Mater

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Owing to the dual nature of metal and fluid, gallium‐based liquid metals with a low melting point at or around room temperature have gained growing interest recently. Although more and more properties of gallium were developed, their intrinsic properties were not able to meet the increasing requirement from scientific and industrial community. To broaden its applications, many kinds of gallium‐based liquid metal composites were prepared and applied in the cutting‐edge fields like biomedical engineering, flexible robots, heat management and so on. To summarize the latest progress and promote development, this review summaries the recent progress of liquid metal composites and the continuous forming methods recently, including the physical and chemical properties of gallium‐based liquid metal, composites prepared through physical doping and surface modification and the continuous forming approaches. Further outlook including expectations and challenges of gallium‐based liquid metal composites are also presented.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Section: Continuous Forming Methods Of Liquid Metalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Continuous Forming Methods Of Liquid Metalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Composites and the Continuous Forming Methods

Wang,

Wu,

Wang

et al. 2024

Adv Eng Mater

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“…The incorporation of responsive polymers allows both the matrix and magnetic units to actively react to external stimuli, thereby promising enhancement of the functionality of magnetic soft machines. One class of responsive polymers used in magnetic soft materials are hydrogel materials, which are 3D cross-linked networks consisting of hydrophilic polymers and are known for their softer properties and lower modulus, primarily attributed to their large water content. , Depending on the type of stimulus, hydrogels that respond to pH, temperature or light have been widely developed and employed in magnetic soft robots . The responsive behavior of these hydrogels arises from the protonation or deprotonation of ionizable side groups, which further induces electrostatic repulsion between polymer chains.…”

Section: Key Components Of Magnetic Soft Mattermentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic Soft Matter toward Programmable and Multifunctional Miniature Machines

Xia,

Jin,

Zhang

2024

Acc. Mater. Res.

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Metrics & MoreArticle Recommendations * sı Supporting Information CONSPECTUS: Miniature machines that are highly controllable have received widespread attention due to their potential applications in smart medicine and micromanipulation, especially those developed based on soft matter. The inherent compliance of soft matter can enhance the adaptability of miniature machines to a complex working environment or the objects being manipulated. Furthermore, with the rapid development of materials science and control technology, the emergence of various responsive soft matters has promoted the remote and even autonomous actuation capabilities of miniature machines as well as reconfigurable properties. Despite burgeoning efforts devoted to the programming and precise control of soft machines, the exploration of miniature soft machines is still in its infancy. Due to the nonlinearity of the response of active soft matter, a comprehensive understanding of the modeling and control of its deformation and actuation is needed. Besides, systematic study on on-demand programming of material components and physical properties at the submillimeter, micro-, and even nanoscale levels is also important. Hence, more in-depth research on the material composition, response mechanisms, and programming methods of soft matter is needed to promote the construction of novel and practical soft machines in the future.Based on the regulation of various physical fields or chemical substances, active soft matter can demonstrate controllable shapemorphing capabilities without restraint. Among the stimulation methods, the magnetic control strategy possesses outstanding advantages in terms of safety, controllability, and penetration depth, which endow magnetic soft matter with huge potential in fundamental study and engineering applications. Programmable magnetic soft matter provides a powerful platform to explore complex deformation patterns and locomotion behaviors in nature. Under the action of nonuniform magnetic torques generated by programmable magnetic stimulation, magnetic soft matter could undergo a series of reconfigurable morphological transformations.Besides, magnetic soft matter provides a promising solution for developing soft machines with optimized actuation speed and energy density. Therefore, through exquisite assembly and structural design, miniature machines composed of magnetic soft matter are compatible with many application scenarios, especially for biomedical engineering.In this Account, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent significant advancements achieved by our group and others in terms of magnetic soft matter. First, we elucidate the interaction mechanism between diverse magnetic agents and actuation magnetic fields as well as various available matrices for magnetic soft machines, including polymer matrices, liquid matrices, and non-Newtonian fluids. We then illustrate the programming methods for encoding heterogeneous magnetization profile or magnetic particle orientation, as well as the development of 3D m...

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“…Subsequently, this has led to the development of stimuliresponsive soft materials, which possess dynamic shape programmability and reconfiguration abilities for applications such as biomedical devices [7,8], stretchable electronics [9,10], metamaterials [11], and soft robotics [12][13][14][15][16]. The fusion of additive manufacturing techniques with stimuli-responsive hydrogels has led to the fabrication of precise, dynamic, and functional structures [17,18]. These multifunctional properties of soft materials alter the mechanical properties in response to external stimuli such as temperature [19], light [20], chemicals [21], electric field [22], and magnetic field [23] have provided new routes in designing smart material systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

Narayanan,

Pramanik,

Arockiarajan

2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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Hard-magnetic soft materials (hMSMs) are smart composites that consist of a mechanically soft polymer matrix impregnated with mechanically hard magnetic filler particles. This dual-phase composition renders them with exceptional magneto-mechanical properties that allow them to undergo large reversible deformations under the influence of external magnetic fields. Over the last decade, hMSMs have found extensive applications in soft robotics, adaptive structures, and biomedical devices. However, despite their widespread utility, they pose considerable challenges in fabrication and magneto-mechanical characterization owing to their multi-phase nature, miniature length scales, and nonlinear material behavior. Although noteworthy attempts have been made to understand their coupled nature, the rudimentary concepts of inter-phase interactions that give rise to their mechanical nonlinearity remain insufficiently understood, and this impedes their further advancements. This holistic review addresses these standalone concepts and bridges the gaps by providing a thorough examination of their myriad fabrication techniques, applications, and experimental, and modeling approaches. Specifically, the review presents a wide spectrum of fabrication techniques, ranging from traditional molding to cutting-edge four-dimensional (4D) printing, and their unbounded prospects in diverse fields of research. The review covers various modeling approaches, including continuum mechanical frameworks encompassing phenomenological and homogenization models, as well as microstructural models. Additionally, it addresses emerging techniques like machine learning-based modeling in the context of hMSMs. Finally, the expansive landscape of these promising material systems is provided for a better understanding and prospective research.

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3D printing of stimuli-responsive hydrogel materials: Literature review and emerging applications

Cited by 48 publications

References 407 publications

Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Composites and the Continuous Forming Methods

Gallium‐Based Liquid Metal Composites and the Continuous Forming Methods

Magnetic Soft Matter toward Programmable and Multifunctional Miniature Machines

Hard magnetics and soft materials—a synergy

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