Three-dimensional
bioprinting uses additive manufacturing techniques
for the automated fabrication of hierarchically organized living constructs.
The building blocks are often hydrogel-based bioinks, which need to
be printed into structures with high shape fidelity to the intended
computer-aided design. For optimal cell performance, relatively soft
and printable inks are preferred, although these undergo significant
deformation during the printing process, which may impair shape fidelity.
While the concept of good or poor printability seems rather intuitive,
its quantitative definition lacks consensus and depends on multiple
rheological and chemical parameters of the ink. This review discusses
qualitative and quantitative methodologies to evaluate printability
of bioinks for extrusion- and lithography-based bioprinting. The physicochemical
parameters influencing shape fidelity are discussed, together with
their importance in establishing new models, predictive tools and
printing methods that are deemed instrumental for the design of next-generation
bioinks, and for reproducible comparison of their structural performance.