3D printing system for earth-based construction: Case study of cob

Gomaa, Mohamed; Jabi, Wassim; Reyes, Alejandro Veliz; Soebarto, Veronica

doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103577

Cited by 79 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Although in the early days of 3D printing of concrete, the mixes had a high cement content, around 40-50%, as the technology evolved, mixes became lower in cement, which was replaced by other alternative binders [36][37][38][39][40][41]. Fly ash and slag are now used as a cement replacement or activated in 3D-printed geopolymers [42][43][44]. Ting et al [45] tried to replace sand with recycled glass in 3D printing, and although the results were not as good as the sand-cement mix, the results show a promising trajectory to use recycled aggregates in 3DP mixes.…”

Section: Waste Reduction and Use Of Alternative Bindersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Manufacturing in Civil Engineering

2021

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The main goal of this work is the analysis of potential energy and green benefits of 3D printing on building construction. Current literature reports a considerable number of benefits for 3D printing, namely, reduction of material use, lower operational costs and time-saving. The authors also mention design freedom, higher efficiency, productivity and quality. This work presents the latest developments in 3D printing in civil engineering, namely, a review of the last 3D printing projects and the limitations of construction 3D printing with a focus on large-scale applications, technology costs, mix development and optimisation and thermal behaviour.

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Section: Waste Reduction and Use Of Alternative Bindersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Manufacturing in Civil Engineering

2021

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“…In fact, these are mixtures already used to print full-size prototypes. With this experimentation, WASP intends to take a step forward with respect to its first line of research and the current scientific literature on 3D printing, still focused on the technological aspects of printability of earthen mixtures [3,8,9]. To the authors' knowledge, this is actually the first scientific work dealing with the long-term mechanical properties of biostabilized earthen mixtures for 3D printing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Having a carbonation that begins immediately after mixing with water is instead mandatory to anticipate the setting of the material, in order to meet the buildability criterionsecond requirement in 3D printing (Section 1)-more quickly. It is worth remembering, in fact, that each printed layer must be strong enough to withstand the weight of subsequent layers before hardening and achieving some degree of structural integrity [9]. The faster the material sets, the faster the printing process can proceed, which reduces production times and costs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rice Husk Shredding as a Means of Increasing the Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Earthen Mixtures for 3D Printing

Ferretti¹,

Moretti²,

Chiusoli³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This paper is part of a study of earthen mixtures for 3D printing of buildings. To meet the ever-growing environmental needs, the focus of the paper is on a particular type of biocomposite for the stabilization of earthen mixtures—the rice husk-lime biocomposite—and on how to enhance its effect on the long-term mechanical properties of the hardened product. Having assumed that the shredding of the vegetable fiber is precisely one of the possible ways to improve the mechanical properties, we compared the results of uniaxial compression tests performed on cubic specimens made with both shredded and unaltered vegetable fiber, for three curing periods. The results showed that the hardened earthen mixture is not a brittle material in the strict sense, because it exhibits some peculiar behaviors, anomalous for a brittle material. However, being a “designable” material, its properties can be varied with a certain flexibility to get as close as possible to the desired ones. One of the peculiar properties of the hardened earthen mixture deserves further investigation, rather than corrections. This is the vulcanization that occurs (in a completely natural way) in the long term, thanks to the mineralization of the vegetable fiber by carbonation of the lime.

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“…The present work is part of this second line of research, which, of the two, is the richest in innovative aspects. Indeed, while it is quite common to find experimental results on earthen construction materials with (even unusual) organic compounds as stabilizers [60,61], and the 3D printing of earthen materials is becoming an increasingly interesting research topic [11,62,63], the mechanical characterization of 3D-printed earthen elements for load-bearing use is still largely lacking in the scientific literature. To the authors' knowledge, this is actually the first scientific work dealing with the load-bearing capacities of 3D-printed earthen elements with bio-stabilized soil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of a 3D-Printed Wall Segment Made with an Earthen Mixture

Ferretti

Moretti²,

Chiusoli³

et al. 2022

Materials

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This study provides a contribution to the research field of 3D-printed earthen buildings, focusing, for the first time, on the load-bearing capacity of these structures. The study involves the entire production and testing process of the earthen elements, from the design, to the preparation of the mixture and the 3D printing, up to the uniaxial compression test on a wall segment. The results indicate that 3D-printed earthen elements have a compressive strength of 2.32 MPa, comparable to that of rammed earth structures. The experimental data also made it possible to draw conclusions on the action of the infill, which seems to have the function of stopping the propagation of cracks. This has a positive effect on the overall behavior of 3D-printed earthen elements, since it avoids the onset of dilative behavior in the final stages of the load test and maintains ultimate load values higher than 50% of the maximum load.

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3D printing system for earth-based construction: Case study of cob

Cited by 79 publications

References 26 publications

Advanced Manufacturing in Civil Engineering

Advanced Manufacturing in Civil Engineering

Rice Husk Shredding as a Means of Increasing the Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Earthen Mixtures for 3D Printing

Mechanical Properties of a 3D-Printed Wall Segment Made with an Earthen Mixture

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