3D surface imaging of the human female torso in upright to supine positions

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) surface imaging of breasts is usually done with the patient in an upright position, which does not permit comparison of changes in breast morphology with changes in position of the torso. In theory, these limitations may be eliminated if the 3D camera system could remain fixed relative to the woman’s torso as she is tilted from 0 to 90 degrees. We mounted a 3dMDtorso imaging system onto a bariatric tilt table to image breasts at different tilt angles. The images were validated using a rigid plastic mannequin and the metrics compared to breast metrics obtained from 5 subjects with diverse morphology. The differences between distances between the same fiducial marks differed between the supine and upright positions by less than one percent for the mannequin, whereas the differences for distances between the same fiducial marks on the breasts of the 5 subjects differed significantly and could be correlated with body mass index and brassiere cup size for each position change. We show that a tilt table - 3D imaging system can be used to determine quantitative changes in the morphology of ptotic breasts when the subject is tilted to various angles.

Preoperative implant selection for unilateral breast reconstruction using 3D imaging with the Microsoft Kinect sensor

“…or body inclination27,28 .In addition, Xi et al identified the definition of the and the of the posterior wall as critical factors that could potentially limit the accuracy of breast volume measurement 7 .…”

In-vivo quantification of human breast deformation associated with the position change from supine to upright

“…There is extensive literature on the necessity of performing biaxial tests on skin samples in order to obtain a meaningful development and calibration of constitutive models [11]. The main argument is that since the skin is a continuous shell or membrane-like structure, testing excised and narrow samples under pure uniaxial tension will lead unrealistic effects during material characterization.…”

“…Second, 3D stereophotography surface imaging system, 2 mounted on a tilt table 3 was used to capture images of the marked breasts with the subject tilted to 0° (supine), 30°, 45°, 60° and 90° (upright); details of this tilt-table system are described elsewhere [11]. With this system, we are able to acquire full three-dimensional shape and deformation information of most of the breast’s surface at each orientation of the tilt table, in the form of a 3D point-cloud representation of the surface of the breast as well as a texture map that contains the light intensity information.…”

“…The first source of error is introduced through the measuring system: imaging hardware, 3D reconstruction algorithm, resolution, and eventually the imperfection in manual selection of marks. This error was shown to cause less than an average of 1% strain when a rigid plastic mannequin was imaged in 2 different positions (see [11]). The second source of error is due to the use of linear constant strain triangles instead of high-order elements in the calculation of deformation gradient.…”

New software and breast boundary landmarks to calculate breast volumes from 3D surface images

“…Simulating such a surface within the breast boundaries can be done with various software algorithms. Some studies used a Coons patch algorithm [12, 20], some others developed their own algorithm [21], while others used software tools without mentioning the exact algorithm used [10, 14, 19, 22, 23].

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