25 years of 3?D ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis represent an important milestone in recent ultrasound history. The initial stages of 3?D ultrasound were anything but easy. Although there were reports of initial experimental in-vitro ultrasound studies as early as the 1970s and 1980s 1
2, clinical use did not begin until the first commercial 3?D ultrasound unit (Combison 330, Kretztechnik Zipf, Austria) was introduced in 1989 (Fig.?1) 3
4. With this unit it became possible for the first time to produce so-called multiplanar (=?triplanar) images. This means that it was possible to display the three orthogonal two-dimensional image planes at the same time on the monitor (Fig.?2). Volume acquisition via a relatively large abdominal 3?D probe, which ? in contrast to the 2?D probe ? had to be held at a right angle to acquire a longitudinal scan, was unfamiliar (Fig.?3a, b). In contrast to the abdominal 3?D probe that acquired a pyramid-shaped volume with motor-controlled mechanical fan-shaped sweep of the scanning plane, a rotation method was selected for the volume acquisition with the 3?D vaginal probe for reasons of space. However, this had the disadvantage of central overlapping of all sectional planes resulting in limited image quality at the center (Fig.?3c, d). This disadvantage could not be eliminated until it became possible to perform a motor-controlled mechanical fan-shaped sweep of the imaging plane for volume acquisition with the 3?D vaginal probe. The introduction of the so-called surface mode made it possible to visualize surface images of the fetus and embryo with an abdominal as well as a vaginal 3?D probe. Due to the substantial processing power that this required, it initially (1992) took 6?hours to create one surface image with an external computer. Today a surface rendering of one image takes between 20 and 50 milliseconds depending on the volume.
Parallel to this so-called internal or integrated system in which the complete 3?D unit is permanently integrated in the ultrasound unit and the 3?D probes are matched to the system (Fig.?4) 5, so-called external 3?D systems (e.?g. TomTec, Echotech, InViVo-System), in which acquisitions can be performed using any conventional 2?D probe, were also developed 5. An electromagnetic position sensor must simply be attached to the probe so that the transducer position and movements can be recorded on the basis of changes in the magnetic field (Fig.?4). After transfer of the individual 2?D images to a workstation, the images and their individual positions are assembled by a computer program to form a volume. The disadvantage of external systems is that the distances between the individual two-dimensional image planes are usually not identical due to the manual probe guidance, resulting in a lower volume quality, and that 4?D display is not possible 5.
Due to the initial problems with 3?D ultrasound, many experienced 2?D ultrasound operators were initially skeptical of this new technique. Therefore, 3?D ultrasound was viewed as a difficult, inconvenient, and unn...