3D welding and milling: Part I–a direct approach for freeform fabrication of metallic prototypes

Control Design for Automation of Robotized Laser Metal-wire Deposition

“…(Zhang et al, 2003), (Song et al, 2005), or (Doumanidis and Kwak, 2002). The GMAW process uses DC current to create an arc between a consumable metal wire electrode (the actual filler material) and the substrate.…”

“…Some solutions have therefore been presented where milling is applied after each deposited layer in order to enable good surface conditions for the next layer, see e.g. (Song et al, 2005). The GMAW process gives rise to high temperatures which are transferred into the substrate.…”

Optimization of Hybrid Manufacturing for Surface Quality, Material Consumption and Productivity Improvement

“…In the work of Song et al [3] and [4], 3-axis CNC milling centre was upgraded with two welding guns vertically attached to the spindle housing. For parts creation the welding process gas metal arc welding (GMAW) has been applied followed by significant improvement of dimensional accuracy by machining.…”

Towards an automated robotic arc-welding-based additive manufacturing system from CAD to finished part

“…The deposition parameters, including the travel speed, welding current, and arc voltage were discussed in detail. Hybrid approaches to "3D welding and milling" have been established to fabricate parts with a high quality surface finish [14,15]. The effects of bead modelling and process optimization in arc-welding-based AM were also investigated [16][17][18].…”