[3H]-Saxitoxinol metabolism and elimination in the rat

Hines, Harry B.; Naseem, Syed M.; Wannemacher, Robert W.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(93)90226-9

Cited by 29 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In a study of a PSP outbreak in Kodiak, Alaska, clearance of PSP toxins from the blood was complete in < 24 hr, even in patients who experienced respiratory paralysis (19). The primary route of clearance was the kidney, as has also been demonstrated in rats (20) and cats (21). There are currently over 21 known STX congeners that are produced in varying combinations and proportions by several gonyaulacoid and gymnodinioid dinoflagellate species in three genera: Alexandrium, Gymnodinium, and Pyrodinium.…”

Section: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 86%

Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence.

2000

Environ Health Perspect

659

344

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Certain marine algae produce potent toxins that impact human health through the consumption of contaminated shellfish and finfish and through water or aerosol exposure. Over the past three decades, the frequency and global distribution of toxic algal incidents appear to have increased, and human intoxications from novel algal sources have occurred. This increase is of particular concern, since it parallels recent evidence of large-scale ecologic disturbances that coincide with trends in global warming. The extent to which human activities have contributed to their increase therefore comes into question. This review summarizes the origins and health effects of marine algal toxins, as well as changes in their current global distribution, and examines possible causes for the recent increase in their occurrence.ImagesFigure 2Figure 3

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Section: Paralytic Shellfish Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 86%

Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence.

2000

Environ Health Perspect

659

344

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“…This was explained by the fact that with the exception of cats, the liver of mammals produces glucuronides as a major metabolic product, thus supporting the specificity of human tissue transformation [119]. However, biotransformation of STX was not detected when STX was passaged through rat’s urine, indicating further mammalian variability in models [120,121]. Gessner et al investigated serum and urine in human PSP victims and detected a significant increase of the PST C1 in comparison to GTX2, which is distinguished by an additional sulfate on the carbamoyl side group [122].…”

Section: Biotransformation Of the Paralytic Shellfish Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotoxic Alkaloids: Saxitoxin and Its Analogs

et al. 2010

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Saxitoxin (STX) and its 57 analogs are a broad group of natural neurotoxic alkaloids, commonly known as the paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). PSTs are the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) and are mostly associated with marine dinoflagellates (eukaryotes) and freshwater cyanobacteria (prokaryotes), which form extensive blooms around the world. PST producing dinoflagellates belong to the genera Alexandrium, Gymnodinium and Pyrodinium whilst production has been identified in several cyanobacterial genera including Anabaena, Cylindrospermopsis, Aphanizomenon Planktothrix and Lyngbya. STX and its analogs can be structurally classified into several classes such as non-sulfated, mono-sulfated, di-sulfated, decarbamoylated and the recently discovered hydrophobic analogs—each with varying levels of toxicity. Biotransformation of the PSTs into other PST analogs has been identified within marine invertebrates, humans and bacteria. An improved understanding of PST transformation into less toxic analogs and degradation, both chemically or enzymatically, will be important for the development of methods for the detoxification of contaminated water supplies and of shellfish destined for consumption. Some PSTs also have demonstrated pharmaceutical potential as a long-term anesthetic in the treatment of anal fissures and for chronic tension-type headache. The recent elucidation of the saxitoxin biosynthetic gene cluster in cyanobacteria and the identification of new PST analogs will present opportunities to further explore the pharmaceutical potential of these intriguing alkaloids.

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“…Similarly, while 58% of an intravenous dose of saxitoxin was excreted in the urine within 24 hours after administration, elimination of the remainder was slow, and this substance was still detectable in the urine 6 days after administration [141]. Likewise, 28% of an intravenous dose of the reduced derivative of saxitoxin, saxitoxinol, remained in tissues 6 days after administration [142]. It has been suggested that okadaic acid [131] and saxitoxinol [142] undergo enterohepatic circulation.…”

Section: Hazard Characterisation Of Shellfish Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, 28% of an intravenous dose of the reduced derivative of saxitoxin, saxitoxinol, remained in tissues 6 days after administration [142]. It has been suggested that okadaic acid [131] and saxitoxinol [142] undergo enterohepatic circulation.…”

Section: Hazard Characterisation Of Shellfish Toxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of Shellfish Toxins

Munday

Reeve

2013

Toxins

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Complex secondary metabolites, some of which are highly toxic to mammals, are produced by many marine organisms. Some of these organisms are important food sources for marine animals and, when ingested, the toxins that they produce may be absorbed and stored in the tissues of the predators, which then become toxic to animals higher up the food chain. This is a particular problem with shellfish, and many cases of poisoning are reported in shellfish consumers each year. At present, there is no practicable means of preventing uptake of the toxins by shellfish or of removing them after harvesting. Assessment of the risk posed by such toxins is therefore required in order to determine levels that are unlikely to cause adverse effects in humans and to permit the establishment of regulatory limits in shellfish for human consumption. In the present review, the basic principles of risk assessment are described, and the progress made toward robust risk assessment of seafood toxins is discussed. While good progress has been made, it is clear that further toxicological studies are required before this goal is fully achieved.

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[3H]-Saxitoxinol metabolism and elimination in the rat

Cited by 29 publications

References 4 publications

Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence.

Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence.

Neurotoxic Alkaloids: Saxitoxin and Its Analogs

Risk Assessment of Shellfish Toxins

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