4. Farmland Conservation

Abstract

Create ponds (amphibians in general) Create ponds (frogs) Create ponds (natterjack toads) Create ponds (salamanders including newts) Create wetlands Deepen, de-silt or re-profile ponds Restore wetlands Create ponds (great crested newts) Create ponds (green toads) Create ponds (toads) Remove specific aquatic plants Restore ponds Remove tree canopy to reduce pond shading Add nutrients to new ponds as larvae food source Add specific plants to aquatic habitats Add woody debris to ponds Create refuge areas in aquatic habitats2. BAT CONSERVATION 2.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development Change timing of building work Create alternative bat roosts within developments Create or restore bat foraging habitat in urban areas Exclude bats from roosts during building work Legally protect bats during development Protect brownfield or ex-industrial sites Relocate access points to bat roosts within developments Retain existing bat roosts and access points within developments Educate homeowners about building and planning laws relating to bats to reduce disturbance to bat roosts Encourage homeowners to increase semi-natural habitat within gardens Encourage homeowners to plant gardens with night-scented flowers Install sound-proofing insulation between bat roosts and areas occupied by humans within developments Protect greenfield sites or undeveloped land in urban areas2.5 Threat: Biological resource use 2.5.1 Hunting Inform local communities about disease risks from hunting and eating bat meat to reduce killing of bats Inform local communities about the negative impacts of bat hunting to reduce killing of bats Encourage online vendors to remove bat specimens for sale Enforce regulations to prevent trafficking and trade of bats Introduce alternative treatments to reduce the use of bats in traditional medicine Introduce and enforce legislation to control hunting of bats Introduce other food sources to replace bat meat Introduce other income sources to replace bat trade Replace culling of bats with non-lethal methods of preventing vampire bats from spreading rabies to humans Restrict the collection of bat specimens for research Strengthen cultural traditions that discourage bat harvesting2.9.2 Agricultural and forestry effluents Reduce pesticide, herbicide or fertiliser use Change effluent treatments used in agriculture and forestry Introduce legislation to control the use of hazardous substances Plant riparian buffer strips Prevent pollution from agricultural land or forestry from entering watercourses Use organic pest control instead of synthetic pesticides 2.9.3 Light pollution Avoid illumination of bat commuting routes Leave bat roosts and roost entrances unlit Use low intensity lighting Use red lighting rather than other lighting colours Avoid illumination of bat foraging, drinking and swarming sites Restrict timing of lighting Use UV filters on lights Direct lighting away from bat access points or habitats Use 'warm white' rather than 'cool' LED lights Use glazing treatments to reduce light spill from inside lit buildi...

Socratic lectures 10 - Part I

“…One of the core issues that many grassland butterflies face is too many grass cuttings through the summers. Studies have shown that delayed mowing and delayed first grazing has outstandingly positive effects for the invertebrate, plant and bird species studied (Dicks et al, 2020). For that reason, inside the European Union there have been stimuluses to defer the farmers from mowing too often and restrict overgrazing to protect Natura 2000 species (European Commissions, 2018).…”

Endangered Butterflies and their Conservation: the Decline of Parnassius apollo and Phengaris spp. in Europe and Slovenia

“…One of the core issues that many grassland butterflies face is too many grass cuttings through the summers. Studies have shown that delayed mowing and delayed first grazing has outstandingly positive effects for the invertebrate, plant and bird species studied (Dicks et al, 2020). For that reason, inside the European Union there have been stimuluses to defer the farmers from mowing too often and restrict overgrazing to protect Natura 2000 species (European Commissions, 2018).…”

Pollinator‐mediated effects of landscape‐scale land use on grassland plant community composition and ecosystem functioning – seven hypotheses

“…The abundance of butterflies, moths and some bumblebees is positively related to grass sward height and sward height variation (Milberg et al ., 2016), reflecting the role of grasses as larval host plants and grass swards as nesting sites. Resources are affected by local (site‐level) grassland management: fertilisation and too low, too high and/or too homogenous intensity of mowing and grazing lead to plant communities with fewer flowers available for pollinators (Dicks et al ., 2020; Franzén & Nilsson, 2008; Johansen et al ., 2019; Sjödin, Bengtsson & Ekbom, 2008; Tadey, 2015). Management may also affect the availability of nesting sites for bees, e.g.…”