4. Monitoring reading and spelling achievement

Continuous Time State Space Modeling of Panel Data by Means of Sem

“…The state equations also contain the discrete time trait variables K1 and K2, corresponding to columns and rows 3 and 4 in all state equation parameter matrices. In accordance with previous results (Mommers & Oud, 1992) and with the findings in most of the reading research literature, a unidirectional cross-effect from decoding speed to reading comprehension was specified in the matrices Ato, At1, At2. The total number of distinct free parameters in DM, including those in the initial latent mean vector #to, initial latent covariance matrix 'bto, and measurement part of the model, is 53.…”

“…The purpose of the study was to improve the Dutch pupil monitoring system LISKAL (Mommers & Oud, 1992). Based upon a discrete time state space model, LISKAL only enabled teachers to evaluate decoding and reading comprehension abilities of individual pupils at two discrete time points each year.…”