“…Superimposed on these long-term climate and carbon-cycle trends were a series of high-amplitude, transient perturbations to the climate and carbon-cycle known as "hyperthermals", the largest and best-studied of which is the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ETM-1; ∼55.5 Ma) (e.g., Kennett and Stott, 1991;Zachos et al, 2005;Lourens et al, 2005;Röhl et al, 2007;Tripati and Elderfield, 2005;Sluijs et al, 2006Sluijs et al, , 2007Nicolo et al, 2007;McInerney and Wing, 2011). At least three such hyperthermals are recognized in the Early Eocene (ETM-1 to 3), which all share similar characteristics of rapid and large increases in global temperature accompanied by transient changes to the global carbon-cycle, as recorded by negative excursions in δ 18 O and δ 13 C records, and evidence for massive dissolution of deep-sea marine carbonates (e.g., Zachos et al, 2005;Lourens et al, 2005;Sluijs et al, 2009;Agnini et al, 2009;Stap et al, 2009Stap et al, , 2010aStap et al, , 2010bMcInerney and Wing, 2011;Komar et al, 2013).…”