−429T/C and −374T/A Polymorphisms of RAGE Gene Promoter Are Not Associated With Diabetic Retinopathy in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

A lthough eating disorders are common in late adolescent diabetic patients, the occurrence in younger populations, particularly male diabetic patients, is not well documented (1,2). The prevalence was studied in 60 boys and 38 girls (13.78 Ϯ 1.05 years of age, range 12-16) with diabetes duration 1.5 Ϯ 3.35 years and in 321 boys and 254 girls as nondiabetic peers (13.73 Ϯ 0.63 years of age, 12-16).Patients and peers completed the Spanish validated version of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40) (3). The semistructured Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview (4) was held for those with an EAT-40 Ͼ30 (13 diabetic patients and 57 nondiabetic peers) and an additional randomly selected population (24 diabetic patients and 57 nondiabetic peers) with an EAT-40 score Ͻ30. Eating disorders were classified as clinical (5) and subthreshold (1). SPSS version 9.0 was used for statistical analysis.No cases of anorexia or bulimia were found. Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) were more prevalent in diabetic patients than in peers: boys (1.7 vs. 0.9%, odds ratio 1.7, CI 95% 0.2-17.6) and girls (5.3 vs. 1.6%, 3.2, 0.62-17.2). Subthreshold eating disorders were more prevalent in male diabetic patients than in nondiabetic peers (10 vs. 4.4%, 2.4, 0.9 -6.6), with no differences between female diabetic patients and nondiabetic peers (10.5 vs. 9.9%, 1.1, 0.4 -3.2). Male diabetic patients had 2.4 times increased risk for subthreshold eating disorders than nondiabetic peers. No eating disorders were observed in the 24 diabetic patients and 57 nondiabetic peers with EAT-40 scores Ͻ30. Glycated hemoglobin values were higher in diabetic patients with eating disorders (9.8 Ϯ 0.42 and 5.63 Ϯ 2.76%, n ϭ 13) than in those without (8.4 Ϯ 1.5 and 5.09 Ϯ 2.73%, n ϭ 85) (P ϭ 0.049).Although no cases of anorexia or bulimia were found, EDNOS and subthreshold eating disorders were detected in younger diabetic patients of both sexes. The higher glycated hemoglobin levels found in diabetic patients with eating disorders suggest poor metabolic control and increased risk for later vascular complications (6). Further studies including large series of patients are necessary to confirm these preliminary results; however, our data underline the need for careful surveillance in young diabetic patients of both sexes in order to promptly detect and prevent these incipient eating disorders.

Short Communication The functional polymorphisms -429T>C and -374T>A of the RAGE gene promoter are not associated with gestational diabetes in Euro-Brazilians

“…On the other hand, different reports did not find an association of the -374A allele with cardiovascular disease or diabetes (Hudson et al, 2001a,b;JiXiong et al, 2003;Kirbis et al, 2004;Kankova et al, 2005).…”

Rage gene promoter polymorphisms and diabetic retinopathy in a clinic-based population from South India

“…In conclusion, our results show an association of À374 T/A polymorphism with NPDR, which is inconsistent to the Slovakian study, and the Chinese study which did not show any association between these promoter polymorphisms and DR. 20,21 Other RAGE gene polymorphisms such as G82S, G1704T, A2484G, and G2245A, which have been studied extensively in different populations, [32][33][34][35][36][37] need to be studied in this population to understand the impact of these variations on the onset and progression of DR. Ethnic variations, if any, that may have been present in the study subjects were tested using genomic controls that did not show allele frequency variation among the groups, suggesting strongly that these results are not an artefact due to population substructuring.…”

“…The association of these promoter polymorphisms has been studied in various populations with respect to DR and other diseases, but the results are conflicting. [19][20][21] Although Indians have the largest number of diabetic patients in the world, 22,23 there is a paucity of literature on the genetic factors contributing to DR in Indians. In this study, we have examined À429 TC and À374 TA promoter polymorphisms in relation to DR in South Indian Type 2 diabetic subjects.…”

Lack of association between Gly82Ser, 1704G/T and 2184A/G of RAGE gene polymorphisms and retinopathy susceptibility in Malaysian diabetic patients

“…In vivo and in vitro studies have proven that RAGE contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic microvascular complications (JiXiong et al, 2003;dos Santos et al, 2005). RAGE is regarded as one of the candidate genes involved in the development of DR, since it is expressed by critical tissues such as endothelium, smooth muscle, mesangial cells, and monocytes (Hudson et al, 2001).…”