4D printed thermochromic Fresnel lenses for sensing applications

Ali, Murad; Alam, Fahad; Yap, Fook Fah; Shiryayev, Oleg; Vahdati, Nader; Butt, Haider

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109514

Cited by 27 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Recently, significant improvements have been reported in the design and applications of 3D printed lenses. , Therefore, adding extra functionalities to such lenses is always desirable to extend their utilization in optical systems. The color-changing characteristics in 4D and 5D lenses were imparted by the addition of a thermionic pigment powder into the resin matrix, which allows lenses to change colors reversibly upon cooling and heating (Figure A,B).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of 5D Fresnel Lenses via Additive Manufacturing

2022

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The consistent developments in additive manufacturing (AM) processes are revolutionizing the fabrication of 3-dimensional (3D) parts. Indeed, 3D printing processes are prompt, parallel, material efficient, and cost-effective, along with their capabilities to introduce added dimensions to the computer-aided design (CAD) models. Notably, 3D Printing is making progressive developments to fabricate optical devices such as regular lenses, contact lenses, waveguides, and more recently, Fresnel lenses. But extended functionalities of these optical devices are also desirable. Therefore, we demonstrate masked stereolithography (MSLA) based fabrication of five-dimensional (5D) Fresnel lenses by incorporating color-change phenomena (4th dimension) using thermochromic powder that changes color in response to external temperature variations (25–36 °C). The holographic diffraction effect (5th dimension) is produced by imprinting a diffraction grating during the printing process. Optical focusing performance for the 5D printed lenses has been evaluated by reporting achievable focal length, with <2 mm average deviation, without postprocessing in 450–650 nm spectral range. However, in the near IR region (850–980 nm), the average deviation was around 11.5 mm. Enhanced optical properties along with surface quality have been reported. Thus, MSLA process can fabricate optical components with promising applications in the fields of sensing and communication.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication of 5D Fresnel Lenses via Additive Manufacturing

2022

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“…High-resolution printing DLP technology also enables the manufacturing of microfluidic devices [169,170]. For sensing applications, DLP has been exploited for the fabrication of optical devices such as optical fibers [171] and lenses [172]. Recently, the technology has been used to fabricate superhydrophobic objects with pillar structures [147,173].…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive manufacturing by digital light processing: a review

et al. 2022

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Additive manufacturing is a layer-by-layer strategy enabling the advanced design and fabrication of complex 3D objects and structures, overcoming geometry limitations and reducing waste production compared to conventional technologies. Among various additive manufacturing technologies, digital light processing (DLP), is an additive manufacturing technology used to print photopolymer parts, using a projected light source to cure an entire layer at once. Initially developed for pure resins, recent advances have demonstrated the potential of DLP in the polymerization of ceramic and metal-loaded suspensions, enabling the fabrication of ceramic and metal components after proper debinding and sintering. Such flexibility increases the potential of DLP for different applications, ranging from dental implants and bone scaffolds to smart biomaterials for soft robotics, smart wearables, and microfluidic devices. The review provides an overview of DLP technology and its recent advances; specifically, the review covers the photopolymer properties, the ceramic and metallic feedstock preparation, and the light-matter interaction mechanism underpinning the printing and post-processing steps. Finally, a description of the current application is provided and complemented with future perspectives.

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“…Reversible thermochromic micro-powders were used to add thermal sensing functionality into photocurable resin comprised of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (p-HEMA) and polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) based polymer fibers. Thermochromic pigment powders are non-toxic and thermally active exhibiting visual color transformation reversibly upon heating and cooling cycles 6 , 43 , 44 . The thermochromic pigment powders are of two types, unicolor and dual color.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UV polymerization fabrication method for polymer composite based optical fiber sensors

Ahmed

Ali

Elsherif

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Optical fiber (OF) sensors are critical optical devices with excellent sensing capabilities and the capacity to operate in remote and hostile environments. However, integrating functional materials and micro/nanostructures into the optical fiber systems for specific sensing applications has limitations of compatibility, readiness, poor control, robustness, and cost-effectiveness. Herein, we have demonstrated the fabrication and integration of stimuli-responsive optical fiber probe sensors using a novel, low-cost, and facile 3D printing process. Thermal stimulus–response of thermochromic pigment micro-powders was integrated with optical fibers by incorporating them into ultraviolet-sensitive transparent polymer resins and then printed via a single droplet 3D printing process. Hence, the thermally active polymer composite fibers were grown (additively manufactured) on top of the commercial optical fiber tips. Then, the thermal response was studied within the temperature range of (25–35 °C) and (25–31 °C) for unicolor and dual color pigment powders-based fiber-tip sensors, respectively. The unicolor (with color to colorless transition) and dual color (with color to color transition) powders-based sensors exhibited substantial variations in transmission and reflection spectra by reversibly increasing and decreasing temperatures. The sensitivities were calculated from the transmission spectra where average change in transmission spectra was recorded as 3.5% with every 1 °C for blue, 3% for red and 1% for orange-yellow thermochromic powders based optical fiber tip sensors. Our fabricated sensors are cost-effective, reusable, and flexible in terms of materials and process parameters. Thus, the fabrication process can potentially develop transparent and tunable thermochromic sensors for remote sensing with a much simpler manufacturing process compared to conventional and other 3D printing processes for optical fiber sensors. Moreover, this process can integrate micro/nanostructures as patterns on the optical fiber tips to increase sensitivity. The developed sensors may be employed as remote temperature sensors in biomedical and healthcare applications.

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4D printed thermochromic Fresnel lenses for sensing applications

Cited by 27 publications

References 37 publications

Fabrication of 5D Fresnel Lenses via Additive Manufacturing

Fabrication of 5D Fresnel Lenses via Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing by digital light processing: a review

UV polymerization fabrication method for polymer composite based optical fiber sensors

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