4D printing of ceramic structures

Multifunctional nacre-like materials

“…Combining these techniques with This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2023 recent advances in 4D printing of ceramics and composites shows promising pathways to obtain complex shapes. [164][165][166][167] For example, we have recently shown that the shape change behaviour can be achieved through anisotropic shrinkage caused by heterogeneous particle concentrations within the ceramic green body during the ceramic sintering process. Introducing heterogeneous green body compositions to an architectured green body can lead to nacre-like (and other) architectured ceramics with complex shapes: a 2D flat green body with a hexagonal architecture and heterogeneous concentration of particles can turn into a cylindrical-shaped nacre-like component during the ceramic sintering process -a shape useful for bone grafting.…”

4D printing for biomedical applications

“…The magnitude of bending deformation and resultant morphology are influenced by printing parameters such as print speed, as well as design factors including filament diameter, inter-filament spacing, bilayer dimensions, and the angle formed between the printed filaments within each layer. 159 Polymer-derived ceramics: Over the past few years, the Lu group has devised multiple methodologies for the 4D printing of polymer-derived ceramics (pyrolyzed from polymeric ceramic precursors). [160][161][162] These innovative techniques rely on the use of programmable shape memory or elastomeric precursors, endowing the printed structures with intrinsic shape-reconfigurable capabilities.…”

“…Shrinkage-mismatch on sintering : Variances in the solid content within ceramic ink, often composed of polymers and nanoparticles, can lead to notable discrepancies in shrinkage behavior on sintering. This differential shrinkage phenomenon can be exploited for the 4D printing of ceramics through the design of bilayer structures characterized by distinct solid content in each layer 159 (refer Fig. 3(a)).…”

“…The magnitude of bending deformation and resultant morphology are influenced by printing parameters such as print speed, as well as design factors including filament diameter, inter-filament spacing, bilayer dimensions, and the angle formed between the printed filaments within each layer. 159…”

Fabrication of Smart Materials Using Laser Processing: Analysis and Prospects

“…In 4D printing, the printed object is designed to change its shape or function over time when exposed to specific environmental conditions or external stimuli. The process typically involves printing a structure using materials with special properties, such as shape-memory polymers [138][139][140][141] or composites with responsive elements [142][143][144][145], ceramics are also finding applications [146][147][148]. These materials are programmed to react to external factors like heat, moisture, light, or magnetic fields.…”