5,535 Hours of Impact: Effects of Olympic Media on Nationalism Attitudes

Sports Draped in the American Flag: Impact of the 2014 Winter Olympic Telecast on Nationalized Attitudes

“…Although the work of van Hilvoorde et al (2010) and Billings et al (2013) discovered that nationalism effects were not found in the long term, both found some evidence of a short-term bolstering of nationalized feelings after being exposed to international sports media, warranting the fifth hypothesis:…”

“…The work of Billings et al (2013), incorporated several pretested scales but utilized four factor-analyzed categories from Kosterman and Feshbach (1989). Following this work, these same four factors are studied in this analysis of the 2014 Winter Olympics.…”

“…Following this work, these same four factors are studied in this analysis of the 2014 Winter Olympics. Using the operational definitions from Billings et al (2013), they are fourfold: patriotism, nationalism, smugness, and internationalism. The first three relate to each other in escalating manners.…”

“…Each quality was measured using a 7-point Likert scale consisting of five to six items. These four scales were used in Billings et al (2013) and modified from Kosterman and Feshbach's (1989) measures of patriotic and nationalistic attitudes and Billings, K. A. Brown, et al's (2013) Olympic nationalism scale.…”

The Most Social Games

“…In addition, several researchers pointed out the important role played by the Olympics beyond the Games context. For example, Billings, Brown, and Brown (2013) found that Olympics consumption predicted people's nationalistic attitude. Jones and Greer (2012) demonstrated that time spent watching the Olympics was linked to gendered perceptions of Olympic sports and athletes.…”