5 Why Breastfeeding?

Koletzko, Berthold

doi:10.21428/3d48c34a.1154fbeb

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) recommend exclusive breast-feeding (EBF) for the first 6 months of life, followed by the introduction of complementary foods (CF) along with continued breast-feeding up to the age of 2 years and beyond (5). Scientific studies and systematic reviews showed several short-and long-term benefits associated with breast-feeding, such as lower risk of death among breastfed children, protection against diarrhea, otitis media and respiratory infections, and lower odds of overweight and obesity, type-2 diabetes, and high systolic blood pressure later in life (6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Thus, promoting, protecting and supporting breastfeeding is an important public health priority.…”

Section: What Is Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Recommendations for Infant and Young Child Feeding in the World Health Organization European Region

Koletzko¹,

Hirsch

Jewell

et al. 2020

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology &Amp; Nutrition

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Objectives: Complementary feeding should provide a healthy diet with critical nutrients for growth and development. Information is limited on child and infant feeding recommendations within the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. Methods: The WHO Regional Office for Europe and the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) performed a survey of national recommendations on infant and young child nutrition aimed at national government departments of health and national paediatric experts. Questions addressed national recommendations on breast-feeding and complementary feeding. Results: Information was available from 48 of the 53 Member States. Forty-five of 48 countries (94%) have national recommendations on infant and young child feeding, of which 41 are endorsed by official public health authorities. Regarding introduction of complementary feeding, 25 countries (out of 34, 74%) recommend 6 months of age as the ideal age. The earliest age of introduction recommended varies from 4 to 5 months in (31/38 countries, 82%) to 6 months (6/38, 16%) and 7 months (1/38, 2.6%). The recommended meal composition varies widely; introduction of iron-rich foods (meat, fish, eggs) at the age of 6 months is recommended in 30 out of 43 countries, whereas 13 (30%) recommend later introduction. Conclusions: National infant feeding recommendations vary widely between studied countries and partly differ from international recommendations. Too early introduction of complementary feeding can reduce duration of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF). Too late introduction of iron-rich complementary foods might increase anemia risk and adversely affect child development. A review and further harmonization of national recommendations appears desirable.

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Section: What Is Newmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Recommendations for Infant and Young Child Feeding in the World Health Organization European Region

Koletzko¹,

Hirsch

Jewell

et al. 2020

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology &Amp; Nutrition

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“…The nutritional and functional properties of infant formula should ensure healthy growth and development, serving a similar function and providing similar benefits as HM as much as possible. HM composition is believed to be selected by evolution to provide the nutrients and energy to support adequate growth and development of human infants ( 32 ), and thus provides some guidance as to infant FA intakes that are likely adequate, even though the HM lipid composition varies markedly. It is also important to consider that an identical intake level of a substrate in infant formula as observed in HM does not by itself ensure safety and suitability.…”

Section: Hm Composition May Provide Guidance On Adequate Infant Fa Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been postulated that some of these changes may match changing nutritional requirements of the growing/developing infant. For example, the observed increase in fat content with a concomitant decrease of protein-to-fat and protein-to-energy ratios during the transition from colostrum to mature milk is likely to reflect the decreasing weight gain velocity with an increasing postnatal age ( 32 ). The determinants and biological relevance of changes in the FA composition of HM during the transition to mature milk, in particular the decline in HM ARA and DHA with an increasing duration of lactation, is less clear ( 2 ), and is considered to likely reflect the depletion of maternal body stores of LCPUFA rather than declining needs of the infant.…”

Section: Hm Composition May Provide Guidance On Adequate Infant Fa Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula

Carlson

Schipper

Brenna

et al. 2021

Advances in Nutrition

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Infant formula should provide the appropriate nutrients and adequate energy to facilitate healthy infant growth and development. If conclusive data on quantitative nutrient requirements are not available, the composition of human milk (HM) can provide some initial guidance on the infant formula composition. This paper provides a narrative review of the current knowledge, unresolved questions, and future research needs in the area of HM fatty acid (FA) composition, with a particular focus on exploring appropriate intake levels of the essential FA linoleic acid (LA) in infant formula. The paper highlights a clear gap in clinical evidence as to the impact of LA levels in HM or formula on infant outcomes, such as growth, development, and long-term health. The available preclinical information suggests potential disadvantages of high LA intake in the early postnatal period. We recommend performing well-designed clinical intervention trials to create clarity on optimal levels of LA to achieve positive impacts on both short-term growth and development and long-term functional health outcomes.

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“…Infant protein requirements are related to weight gain velocity which rapidly declines during the first months of life. Accordingly, protein requirements per kg bodyweight at 6 months of age are only 2/3 of those after birth, and protein supply per kg bodyweight in an exclusively breastfed infant at 6 months is only 55% of that after birth [19]. The use of adequately composed follow-up formula can help to better match dietary intake to changing needs with age.…”

Section: Follow-up Formulaementioning

confidence: 99%

Latin American Considerations for Infant and Young Child Formulae

Ladino

Sánchez²,

Vázquez-Frías

et al. 2021

Nutrients

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Infant formula is the only acceptable substitute for breastmilk from 0 to 6 months old when human milk cannot be provided in sufficient amounts. Manufacturers have developed options that intend to meet the changing needs of the child aged from six to twelve months (follow-on formulae) and after the age of one year (young child formulae). The international code for marketing breast milk substitute stipulates standards for marketing practices of these products. In Latin America there are local variations of marketing practices. Novel marketing strategies such as advertising through social media and influencers pose new threats for breastfeeding success in Latin America. This review aims to examine variations in local regulations for marketing of infant formulae and to analyze the emerging phenomenon of influencer advertising. We reviewed the local norms for Latin American countries and examined differences and possible gaps. Emerging evidence of influencer marketing was explored. The results indicate that national regulations differ among Latin American countries, particularly with respect to product labelling and the requirement to use a local native language, highlighting the cost of the product, and different regulations prohibiting certain messages and illustrations. Regarding new marketing strategies, there is limited evidence on advertising infant formula through social media influencers, where different categories of marketing strategies can be described. More transparent reporting of social marketing by formula providers and more independent research on novel marketing strategies are needed.

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5 Why Breastfeeding?

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

National Recommendations for Infant and Young Child Feeding in the World Health Organization European Region

National Recommendations for Infant and Young Child Feeding in the World Health Organization European Region

Perspective: Moving Toward Desirable Linoleic Acid Content in Infant Formula

Latin American Considerations for Infant and Young Child Formulae

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