53-attosecond X-ray pulses reach the carbon K-edge

Abstract

The motion of electrons in the microcosm occurs on a time scale set by the atomic unit of time—24 attoseconds. Attosecond pulses at photon energies corresponding to the fundamental absorption edges of matter, which lie in the soft X-ray regime above 200 eV, permit the probing of electronic excitation, chemical state, and atomic structure. Here we demonstrate a soft X-ray pulse duration of 53 as and single pulse streaking reaching the carbon K-absorption edge (284 eV) by utilizing intense two-cycle driving pulses near 1.8-μm center wavelength. Such pulses permit studies of electron dynamics in live biological samples and next-generation electronic materials such as diamond.

Effects of Anion Identity and Concentration on Electrochemical Reduction of CO2

“…*HCO. [30,38] Figure 4 shows data, adapted from Hori and coworkers, for the partial currents of methane production from CO reduction, at a range of electrolyte pH values. [20] Similar studies for CO 2 reduction are not possible since OH À will react with CO 2 to form HCO 3 À .…”

Micro-Focusing of Broadband High-Order Harmonic Radiation by a Double Toroidal Mirror

“…The highest energies, up to the µJ level, were demonstrated through loose focusing scaling techniques [9][10][11][12][13]. The generation of extremely short pulses of the order of 100 as or shorter was also reported [14,15]. Short isolated attosecond pulses in the µJ range have even been generated using a combination of two-color field synthesis and energy-scaling aforementioned techniques [16].…”

Structure‐Sensitivity and Electrolyte Effects in CO2 Electroreduction: From Model Studies to Applications

“…[180] We take the view that the above considerations will be key to build the bridge between theory and experiments. In particular, they will help to align predicted product selectivity on faceted metal surfaces with experimentally obtained results, [57,77] and will reduce the controversy while proposing a mechanism pathway for the CO 2 RR.…”

“…On the other hand, theoretical models are mostly based on thermodynamic descriptors, such as adsorption free energies of reaction intermediates on ideal surfaces calculated through Density Functional Theory (DFT) ( Figure 1B). Improved models, which includes microkinetic ab initio simulations, [57] molecular dynamics [20] and multiscale analyses [58] have been recently introduced to improve the prediction accuracy. We take the view that the following aspects should be considered in the future in order to build the bridge between experiments and theory: (i) The impact of surface reconstruction under CO 2 RR conditions, should be assessed by combining DFT models and in situ STM experiments.…”

“…[63] A cross-correlation with experimentally observed current densities has been attempted through ab initio kinetic models for CO reduction with ideal copper surfaces. [57] To our knowledge, a comparable model for CO evolving catalysts has not yet been reported, although a microkinetic model has been recently used to study the CO 2 RR mechanism on Ag(110). [58]…”