5G Electromagnetic Radiation Attenuates Skin Melanogenesis In Vitro by Suppressing ROS Generation

Kim, Kyuri; Lee, Young Seung; Kim, Nam; Choi, Hyung‐Do; Lim, Kyung Min

doi:10.3390/antiox11081449

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…In HaCat human keratinocytes, Kim et al ( 2021) reported that a 1.76 GHz RF-EMF exposure at 4 W/kg, 2 h per day for 4 days, induced intracellular ROS production (Kim et al, 2021). The same author also shown a reduction in the ability of α-melanocytestimulating hormone to induce melanogenesis through decreased ROS level, in B16F10 murine melanoma cells exposed for 4 h per day up to 2 days to CW 28 GHz signal at 10 W/m 2 (Kim et al, 2022). Those data in the human HaCat cell line are thus contradictory and also in contrast with our findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of mitochondrial stress following ultraviolet radiation and 5G radiofrequency field exposure in human skin cells

Patrignoni,

Hurtier,

Orlacchio

et al. 2023

Bioelectromagnetics

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Whether human cells are impacted by environmental electromagnetic fields (EMF) is still a matter of debate. With the deployment of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication technologies, the carrier frequency is increasing and the human skin becomes the main biological target. Here, we evaluated the impact of 5G‐modulated 3.5 GHz radiofrequency (RF) EMF on mitochondrial stress in human fibroblasts and keratinocytes that were exposed for 24 h at specific absorption rate of 0.25, 1, and 4 W/kg. We assessed cell viability, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and membrane polarization. Knowing that human skin is the main target of environmental ultraviolet (UV), using the same read‐out, we investigated whether subsequent exposure to 5G signal could alter the capacity of UV‐B to damage skin cells. We found a statistically significant reduction in mitochondrial ROS concentration in fibroblasts exposed to 5G signal at 1 W/kg. On the contrary, the RF exposure slightly but statistically significantly enhanced the effects of UV‐B radiation specifically in keratinocytes at 0.25 and 1 W/kg. No effect was found on mitochondrial membrane potential or apoptosis in any cell types or exposure conditions suggesting that the type and amplitude of the observed effects are very punctual.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of mitochondrial stress following ultraviolet radiation and 5G radiofrequency field exposure in human skin cells

Patrignoni,

Hurtier,

Orlacchio

et al. 2023

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…Possible negative effects have been observed on memory (Qin et al, 2022), cellular function (Cui et al, 2017), the immune (Benavides et al, 2023) and nervous systems (Chen et al, 2021), and sleep quality. However, positive effects have also been observed in the application of electromagnetic radiation in neuronal survival and differentiation (Urnukhsaikhan et al, 2016) and in the prevention of melaninrelated diseases (Kim et al, 2022). These discrepant results are sometimes explained by different frequencies and/or exposure settings applied to biological models.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Background levels and brain organoid impact of RF field exposure in a healthcare environment

Hernández,

Rosca,

Suárez

et al. 2024

Front.Antennas Propag.

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Introduction: This study is an introduction to the empirical and impact evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation exposure in a healthcare environment, focusing on an indoor microenvironment. It explores the expression of various genes associated with cellular responses, cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptotic cell death. The assessment analyzes current personal mobile communications (2G-5G FR1), providing a clear understanding of RF-EMF exposure and compliance with regulatory limits.Methods: The signals from different wireless communication systems at Hospital Universitario de Canarias (HUC) in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, were examined in 11 locations. Four measurement campaigns were performed with frequency-selective exposimeters (PEMs) and an EME Spy 200 MVG, and experimental electric field values were compared as a long-term exposition. The frequency with the highest contribution (2.174 V/m) observed (1840 MHz) in UMTS was selected for biological effects evaluation.Results: The study focuses on four locations with the highest exposure to communication systems (downlinks), analyzing the results to verify compliance with regulations that ensure the safety of patients, the general public, and healthcare workers. LTE B20 (DL), GSM+UMTS 900 (DL), GSM 1800 (DL), UMTS 2100 (DL), and LTE B7 (DL) exhibited relatively higher E/m values throughout the campaigns, and these values consistently remained below the ICNIRP reference levels, signifying a consistently low level of exposure. In addition, this work presents the biological effects on neural stem cells (NSCs) using 3D brain organoids (BOs) exposed to RF signals in a validated and commercial experimental setting: the Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic cell (GTEM). The GTEM allows for the creation of homogeneous field electromagnetic fields in a small, enclosed setting and guarantees exposure conditions in a wide range of frequencies. BOs are an in vitro 3D cell-culture technology that reproduces the cellular composition and structure of the developing brain. Analyzing the expression of several genes associated with cellular responses, cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptotic cell death, we found that exposure of BOs at 1840 MHz did not affect mRNA expression in brain genes related to apoptosis or senescence. However, a decrease in gene expression for cell proliferation and cell activity markers was observed during the differentiation stage of BOs.Discussion: The discussion emphasizes the coexistence and evolution of various heterogeneous networks and services throughout the four measurement campaigns. Across all measured results, the levels of the obtained E-field were consistently well below the exposure limits set by internationally accepted standards and guidelines. These obtained values have been established in order to consider their potential effects on cell proliferation and cell activity, especially in differentiating biological organisms. Consequently, the results obtained and the methodology presented could serve as a foundational framework for establishing the basis of RF-EMF assessment in future heterogeneous 5G developments, particularly in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, where the forecast is for massive high-node density networks.

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“…Many studies are being carried out to investigate effects of the fifth generation (5G) wireless communication on the human body since the 5G commercial service has started [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Especially for the 5G service using mmWave, human body exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from a base station is one of major concerns because base stations generate sharp beams and steer beams directly to 5G service users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sharp beam results in a high power density (PD) to be exposed to the human body while the beam steering increases the possibility of such high-PD exposure. In [5], the mmWave exposure is studied in a cell level by exposing the cultured cells to the mmWave EMF. Refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loop-Type Field Probe to Measure Human Body Exposure to 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Stations

Kwon,

Lee,

Hyoung

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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This paper proposes a field probe to measure the power density (PD) at a millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band. The proposed probe is composed of a loop antenna in which one end is terminated with a load resistor. Such a structure enables the simultaneous measurement of electric (E)- and magnetic (H)-fields: the E-field is measured at a gap where the load resistor is placed, and the H-field is measured through the loop antenna. The simultaneous measurement makes it possible to measure PD for an incident wave even in the near field region where the E- and H-fields have different phases from each other. The proposed probe is fabricated and evaluated for its PD measurement performance. The measurement results show that the probe measures PD with an error less than 1.3 dB. Owing to the near field measurement, the proposed probe is useful in measuring the human body exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) that are generated by 5G mmWave base stations.

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5G Electromagnetic Radiation Attenuates Skin Melanogenesis In Vitro by Suppressing ROS Generation

Cited by 6 publications

References 58 publications

Evaluation of mitochondrial stress following ultraviolet radiation and 5G radiofrequency field exposure in human skin cells

Evaluation of mitochondrial stress following ultraviolet radiation and 5G radiofrequency field exposure in human skin cells

Background levels and brain organoid impact of RF field exposure in a healthcare environment

Loop-Type Field Probe to Measure Human Body Exposure to 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Stations

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