5G multi-element/port antenna design for wireless applications:a review

Abstract

Fifth generation (5G) is the current hot topic of the world's leading telecommunication companies. The compact designs of antennas made it possible for them to resonate at higher frequencies, thus to enable the devices to attain higher data rate as compared to 4G technology. Data rate of 5G technology for low mobility users is expected to be 50.0 Gbps and for high mobility users it is 5.0 Gbps. On the other hand, International telecommunication union's objective for 5G is 3 times more spectrally efficient thanlong-term evolution (LTE). The paper has carried out meticulous study over the impact of 5G antennas on the size of antenna, size/type of substrate, gain, efficiency, and isolation, etc. Also, different arrays andmultiple input multiple outputs (MIMOs) with patch antenna, magneto electric-dipole, microstrip grid array antenna, folded dipole, series-fed array, connected antenna array, MIMO are studied. The paper also includes the existing technology i.e 4G LTE and their isolation enhancement approaches. Many of the designs used the reflector plates to reduce the back lobe radiation problem in MIMO/array antennas to increase front-to-back ratio. The gain in 5G antennas can be increased by using balun, parasitic element as directors, multiple notch structures, three identical slot sub-arrays, etc. Mathematical equations of multi-element/port antennas are included to model the designed antennas. The beam steering is also included for the 5G technology in this paper.

Design of 5G-oriented patch antennas, a comprehensive survey

“…For 5G applications, depending on the area of service, a planar array will be required or a linear array could be sufficient. Different designs of planar, phased, microstrip arrays can be seen in [31][32][33][34][35].…”

Performance Improvement of 28 GHz Antenna Array for Fifth-Generation Wireless Communication System

“…The band for 5G technology approved by ITU is from 24.0 to 86.0 GHz. For the fifth generation, mainly the focus is on the antenna array design for the improvement of gain and better transmission characteristics [2]. Microstrip patch antennas are extensively used in wireless communication because of compact size, light weight, low cost [3] and easiness for both fabrication and integration [4].…”

5G beamforming techniques for the coverage of intended directions in modern wireless communication: in-depth review

“…The total field for an array can be determined by calculating the field of each element multiplied with the array factor (AF) and is given by equation (3) [6]. where k is the wave vector of the incident wave/wave number, d is the difference in path length between two elements, and θ is the angle of incidence on the array.…”