6. Integrated control of trypanosomosis

Abstract

In many parts of Africa, tsetse eradication is impossible due to political, environmental or economic circumstances. In these situations, African animal trypanosomosis control relies on communities or farmer-based control, implemented at a local scale in accordance to the ecoepidemiological context and the cattle rearing system to be sustainable. Management of the African animal trypanosomosis requires integrated controls strategies that combine the use of more than one locally-based tool and where possible, needs to be assisted by veterinarians and other animal health professionals. Several tsetse control methods based on insecticide treated cattle (i.e. pour-on, manual spraying, community bath) and insecticide treated target (traps and screens impregnated with insecticides) are available and should be complemented with diagnostic tests and medication (active trypanocides with prophylactic and/or therapeutic action). However, their adoption is mainly dependent on the engagement of communities, farmers and herders. Indeed, the adoption of a locally-adapted control strategy will depend on farmers socio-technical networks, the cost-effectiveness of the control activities, as well as the time and cost for implementation. In general, insecticide treated cattle methods are the most suitable and acceptable for farmers, because they protect a private good i.e. cattle, whereas insecticide treated targets are generally considered to provide a public good. Nonetheless, selection of the most appropriate tools requires consideration of local disease epidemiology (including host-parasite coevolution), local environmental and socio-economic constraints. The active involvement of communities, farmers and herders is essential from the beginning of the conception of innovative control strategies, and the cost of local integrated pest management should be reduced as much as possible, to be adopted as an acceptable and sustainable animal production cost.

Larviposition site selection mediated by volatile semiochemicals in Glossina palpalis gambiensis

“…), which affects both humans (HAT: Human African Trypanosomiasis) and livestock (AAT: Animal African Trypanosomosis), two major scourges that impede development in Africa (Solano et al ., 2013). Tsetse fly control methods target several aspects of adult behaviour, such as host‐seeking behaviour using insecticide‐treated attractive devices (traps, targets, and cattle), reproductive behaviour using sterile insect techniques, or adults at any stage of their life cycle using the sequential aerosol technique (Gimonneau et al ., 2017). Extensive research has been performed to elucidate the behavioural mechanisms by which tsetse flies locate their hosts.…”

Chilling, irradiation and transport of male Glossina palpalis gambiensis pupae: Effect on the emergence, flight ability and survival

“…Currently, several control tactics are available to manage populations of tsetse flies, i.e. ground fogging of insecticides, the sequential aerosol technique (SAT–aerial spraying of ultra-low-volume insecticides), bait techniques such as insecticide-impregnated targets or insecticide-treated animals, the use of tsetse traps and the sterile insect technique (SIT) [7]. In contrast to the majority of control tactics that aim to kill tsetse flies, the SIT aims at reducing the reproduction rate of a wild tsetse fly population by area-wide inundative releases of sterile male insects of the same species.…”

Evaluation of Different Blood Feeding Frequencies on Glossina Palpalis Gambiensis Performance in A Mass Rearing Insectary

“…So far, animal trypanosomosis is mainly controlled through prophylactic and curative drugs but this approach is no longer sustainable, due to drug resistance development [6,7]. Therefore, the current e cient way to protect people and livestock is to reduce host vector contact through vector control of sibling species [8].…”