6-Shogaol-Rich Extract from Ginger Up-Regulates the Antioxidant Defense Systems in Cells and Mice

Abstract

The rhizome of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is known to have several bioactive compounds including gingerols and shogaols which possess beneficial health properties such as anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effects. Based on recent observations that 6-shogaol may have more potent bioactivity than 6-gingerol, we obtained a 6-shogaol-rich extract from ginger and examined its effects on the nuclear factor E2-related factor2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in vitro and in vivo. 6-Shogaol-rich extract was produced by extracting ginger powder with 95% ethanol at 80 °C after drying at 80 °C (GEE8080). GEE8080 contained over 6-fold more 6-shogaol compared to the room temperature extract (GEE80RT). In HepG2 cells, GEE8080 displayed much stronger inductions of ARE-reporter gene activity and Nrf2 expression than GEE80RT. GEE8080 stimulated phosphorylations of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as ERK, JNK, and p38. Moreover, the GEE8080-induced expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 were attenuated by treatments of SB202190 (a p38 specific inhibitor) and LY294002 (an Akt specific inhibitor). In a mouse model, the GEE8080 decreased the diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-mediated elevations of serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase as well as the DEN-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation. Inductions of Nrf2 and HO-1 by GEE8080 were also confirmed in the mice. In addition, the administration of GEE8080 to the mice also restored the DEN-reduced activity and protein expression of hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase. In conclusion, GEE8080, a 6-shogaol-rich ginger extract, may enhance antioxidant defense mechanism through the induction of Nrf2 and HO-1 regulated by p38 MAPK and PI3k/Akt pathway in vitro and in vivo.

Spices Mixture Containing Garlic, Ginger and Nutmeg Has Protective Effects on the Kidneys and Liver of Cadmium Exposed Rats

“…For instance, flavonoids and sulfurcontaining compounds (diallyl sulfide, trisulfide and allylcysteine), the two main classes of antioxidant components have been reported in garlic. 21 Moreover, ginger has been found to contain zingerone, gingerdiol, zingibranes, gingerols and shegaols (all polyphenols), which also posses antioxidant activity. 22 Thus, the protective effect exerted by the spices mixture may in part be attributed to the biological active ingredients present in this mixture.…”

Shogaol–huprine hybrids: Dual antioxidant and anticholinesterase agents with β-amyloid and tau anti-aggregating properties

“…It has been recently reported that [6]shogaol exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, its enone moiety being essential for these activities. 22,23 Interestingly, [6]-shogaol enhances antioxidant defense mechanisms both in cell cultures and in mice 24 and counteracts the hydrogen peroxide-induced increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HT22 cells, an in vitro model of hippocampal cholinergic neurons. 25 Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and pharmacological evaluation of a short series of multitarget antiAlzheimer hybrid compounds that combine a unit of the highly potent AChE inhibitor huprine Y (2, Fig.…”

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“…Bak et al 27 have studied the effect of 6-shogaol enriched ginger extract on the antioxidant defense mechanism in mouse models. Their study showed that 6-shogaol rich extract enhanced the antioxidant defense mechanism through induction of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in vitro and in vivo.…”