60 Years AfterBrown: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation

Abstract

Since the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, researchers and policy makers have paid close attention to trends in school segregation. Here we review the evidence regarding trends and consequences of both racial and economic school segregation since Brown. The evidence suggests that the most significant declines in black-white school segregation occurred in the late 1960s and early 1970s. There is disagreement about the direction of more recent trends in racial segregation, largely driven by how one defines and measures segregation. Depending on the definition used, segregation has either increased substantially or changed little, although there are important differences in the trends across regions, racial groups, and institutional levels. Limited evidence on school economic segregation makes documenting trends difficult, but students appear to be more segregated by income across schools and districts today than in 1990. We also discuss the role of desegregation litigation, demographic changes, and residential segregation in shaping trends in both racial and economic segregation. We develop a general conceptual model of how and why school segregation might affect students and review the relatively thin body of empirical evidence that explicitly assesses the consequences of school segregation. We conclude with a discussion of aspects of school segregation on which further research is needed. 9.1

Perceptions of the Social Relevance of Science: Exploring the Implications for Gendered Patterns in Expectations of Majoring in STEM Fields

“…Furthermore, within urban settings, 64% of students are eligible for free or reduced price lunch programs suggesting that such disadvantages are the norm rather than the exception [40]. Moreover, school desegregation has stalled (or perhaps even reversed) in recent years, while the share of the school-age population comprised by minority students has dramatically increased [41]. Thus a large share of students in the U.S. currently attend racially and economically segregated schools like those within our focal district.…”

Income Segregation Between Schools and School Districts

“…We know more about school segregation by race than by income because a large body of social science research has documented trends in racial segregation between schools and districts since Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 (for a review, see Reardon & Owens, 2014). Overall, school racial segregation declined through 1980, with most of the change occurring in the late 1960s and early 1970s.…”

“…Income segregation may be an important cause of such educational disparities. Although the mechanisms linking segregation to student outcomes remain unclear (Reardon & Owens, 2014), past research suggests several hypotheses. First, districts comprised of more affluent students and parents usually have more social and economic resources than lower-income districts, potentially increasing the richer districts' relative achievement.…”

Magnitud de la Segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en España y sus Comunidades Autónomas y comparación con los países de la Unión Europea

“…Existe consenso en considerar la sentencia judicial del caso «Brown v. Board of Education», de 17 de mayo de 1954, como el revulsivo que dio inicio al interés del estudio de la segregación escolar (Reardon y Owens, 2014). En ella, la Corte Suprema de los Estados Unidos declaró ilegal la segregación de los F. Javier Murillo y Cynthia Martínez-Garrido.…”

“…De esta manera, se ha desarrollado un importante número de trabajos que dan cuenta de su magnitud y evolución en muchos países, así como de sus causas y efectos en los estudiantes y en la sociedad (por ejemplo, Coleman et al, 1975;Cheng y Gorard, 2010;Dupriez, 2010;Dupriez y Vandenberghe, 2004;Goodman, 1972;Gorard y Hordsoy, 2013;Jenkins et al, 2008;Katz, 1964;Murillo y Martínez-Garrido, 2017a;Orfield y Eaton, 1997;Reardon y Owens, 2014;Stephan, 2013).…”