60Co and 198Au γ-ray albedo of various materials

Multiple backscattering on monoelemental materials and albedo factors of 279, 320, 511 and 662 keV gamma photons

“…It has been observed that for a particular target material, both the number and energy albedos show an increase with increasing target thickness and finally saturate at the same thickness for which the numbers of multiple backscattered events saturate. The results from the present work are in agreement with the experimental results of Bulatov and Garusov [3], Biswas et al [11], Hyodo [4] and Mizukami and Matsumoto [12] and with the results of Monte Carlo simulations performed with different gamma photon energies and different Z -numbers by Berger and Raso [13]. We have previously defined the dose albedo, A D , as energy albedo weighted with the response of the scintillation detector to different photon energies.…”

“…The fraction of the incident radiation that actually emerges from the target is known as albedo [3], and the albedo characterizes the reflection probability of a material when irradiated by a gamma photon field. The simplest of these albedos is the number albedo, A n , which can be calculated by taking the ratio of the total number of reflected photons with respect to the total number of incident photons impinging on the target.…”

“…Our recent measurements ( [1,2] and references therein) provide a survey of analytical and Monte Carlo simulation approaches to study the multiple backscattering, and available experimental data on these processes. Bulatov and Garusov [3] have, by using a dosimeter, calculated the energy albedos for photons from the radioactive sources of 60 Co and 198 Au. Hyodo [4] calculated the number and energy albedos, and the energy distributions of backscattered gamma photons from semi-infinite slabs of paraffin, aluminium, iron, tin and lead by using a small point isotropic source on the surface of a scatterer and NaI(Tl) scintillator.…”

Energy Dependence of Parameters Characterizing Multiply Backscattering of Gamma Photons

“…The dose albedo does not differ significantly from the energy albedo under present experimental conditions. This behaviour of measured albedos is in agreement with the experimental work of Bulatov and Garusov [3] and with results of Monte Carlo calculations by Perkins [10].…”

“…Hayward and Hubbel [1] and Pozdneyev [2] have provided useful information about intensity and energy distributions of gamma rays backscattered from various materials as a function of primary gamma radiation energy and geometry. Bulatov and Garusov [3] used a small dosimeter without a collimator and calculated the energy albedos for gamma photons from 60 Co and 198 Au. Hyodo [4] used a small point isotropic source on the surface of a scatterer and a NaI(Tl) scintillator without a collimator and calculated the number, energy albedo and energy distributions of backscattered gamma photons from semi infinite slabs of paraffin, aluminium, iron, tin and lead.…”