“…Understanding the neoliberal context of Chile is crucial in making sense of this scenario, and in the literature it is possible to identify three interconnected elements that contribute to this phenomenon: 1) the global struggle for indigenous recognition and rights, led by institutions such as the UN and ILO; 2) the increased agency of indigenous groups at the national and local levels, and their growing ability to articulate their demands in the context of the transition to democracy ( Bengoa, 2009 ; Clifford, 2013 ); 3) the neoliberal multicultural policies promoted by the Chilean state and the production of indigenous subjects who are then able to apply for local development projects that create particular territories, discourses and practices related to the reproduction of neoliberalism and post-dictatorship democracy ( Postero, 2007 ; Merlan et al, 2009 ). Finally, in our own experience, it is also important to recognise the way in which large extractives companies create particular mechanisms to deal with indigenous communities, focused on indigenous recognition and social responsibility, whilst simultaneously engaging in an ongoing process of negotiation, not only for critical resources such as water and land, but also about how territories are represented, and the kinds of economic activities that can be developed ( Hale, 2004 ; Romero-Toledo and Sambolín, 2019 ).…”