“…From a practical point of view, serum is an ill-defined mixture of components which raises ethical and animal welfare problems regarding its harvest and collection, and there are constraints in terms of global supply versus demand [2,8,18,24,33]. Concerning cell biological perspectives, the disadvantages of serum supplementation are manifold: (1) serum batches display quantitative and qualitative variations in their composition and thus introduce a serious lot-to-lot variability; (2) serum may contain many different proteins, which can hinder product purification; (3) serum can also interfere with the effect of hormones or growth factors when studying their interaction with cells; (4) serum can be a potential source of microbial contaminants, such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, and prions, posing a risk of transmission of diseases to the end product used by humans; and (5) serum is associated with high-costs [2,8,18,19,23,24,33]. Considering all these reasons, it is essential to develop a simple cell adaptation process for the culture of cells in serum-free, animal component-free, or protein-free medium conditions [18,22,26,31].…”